Lorcainide

Lorcainide
Clinical data
ATC code	C01BC07 (WHO) ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	78
Elimination half-life	14.3 +/-3.7
Identifiers
	IUPAC name N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-phenylacetamide;
CAS Number	59729-31-6 ;
PubChem CID	42884;
ChemSpider	39116 ;
UNII	KGJ2T0N7IQ;
KEGG	D08020 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL87543 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2023226 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C22H27ClN2O
Molar mass	370.92 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES Clc3ccc(N(C(=O)Cc1ccccc1)C2CCN(C(C)C)CC2)cc3;
	InChI InChI=1S/C22H27ClN2O/c1-17(2)24-14-12-21(13-15-24)25(20-10-8-19(23)9-11-20)22(26)16-18-6-4-3-5-7-18/h3-11,17,21H,12-16H2,1-2H3 ; Key:XHOJAWVAWFHGHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Lorcainide (Lorcainide hydrochloride) is a Class 1c antiarrhythmic agent that is used to help restore normal heart rhythm and conduction in patients with premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardiac^[1] and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.^[2] Lorcainide was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium) in 1968 under the commercial name Remivox and is designated by code numbers R-15889 or Ro 13-1042/001.^[3] It has a half-life of 8.9 +- 2.3 hrs which may be prolonged to 66 hrs in people with cardiac disease.^[2]

Arrhythmia

Cardiac dysrhythmia is a heart rate disorder that manifests as an altered cardiac rhythm. It results from either abnormal pacemaker activity or a disturbance in impulse propagation, or both.^[4] Arrhythmias can be caused by various conditions including ischemia, hypoxia, pH disruptions, B adrenergic activation, drug interactions or the presence of diseased tissue.^[5] These events can trigger the development of ectopic pacemaker in the heart, which emit abnormal impulses at random times during the cardiac cycle. An arrhythmia can present itself as either bradycardia or tachycardia.^[5] Untreated arrhythmias may progress to atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation.^[5] Treatment is aimed at normalizing cardiac rhythm by altering ion flow across the membrane. Antiarrhythmic agents can reduce arrhythmia related symptoms such as palpitations or syncope; however, they often have a narrow therapeutic index and can also be proarrhythmic.^[4]

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is a pre-excitation syndrome in which individuals are predisposed to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (rapid and irregular heart beats).^[6] People with this condition have an extra or accessory atrioventricular conduction pathway that causes re-entry tachycardia.^[6] WPW is characterized by a short PR interval (<0.12 second) and a prolonged, slurred QRS complex (>0.12 seconds).^[6]

Class 1c activity

Fast-acting voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1.5) found in high concentrations in the ventricular myocytes, open at a membrane potential of −80 mv in typical cardiac rhythm. This will result in a rapid upstroke of an action potential that leads to contraction of the ventricles.^[7] Class 1c drugs have local anesthetic properties and have a high affinity for open Nav1.5 (but not closed or inactive Nav1.5), thus irreversibly binding and reducing the fast Na+ influx. Interactions of Lorcainide with Nav1.5 are time and voltage dependent. Class 1c drugs have a characteristically slow dissociation rate, which will slow the upstroke duration and amplitude of ventricular myocytes’ action potential and prolong the PR, QRS and QT intervals of an ECG.^[8] Lorcainide also increases the ventricular fibrillation threshold in a dose-dependent fashion.^[8] Overall, Lorcainide causes a decrease in tachycardiac events, but also reduced ventricular contractility ejection fraction. The effect on sinus node function is controversial, as some researchers have noted a decreased sinus cycle length and increase in sinus node recovery, whereas others have observed no change.^[8]

Other activities

Lorcainide inhibits adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)-hydrolytic action of myocardial Na+K+ATPase in-vitro in a concentration dependent manner. The mode of action and the implications of this finding are not well known.^[9]

Benefits and risks

Lorcainide exhibits a prolonged duration of action (approximately 8-10 hrs), is well absorbed when taken orally and has a good safety profile as well as a good drug efficacy.^[4] Hematologic, biochemical and urinary analysis of Lorcainide revealed no significant abnormalities.^[2] However, an increased prevalence of central nervous system effects, including headache, dizziness and sleep disturbances have been associated with oral dosages of Lorcainide when compared to intravenous administration. This could be due to a greater accumulation of plasma Noriorcainide when exposed to oral Lorcainide. Noriorcainide, an N-dealkylated derivative, is an active metabolite of Lorcainide. It is as potent as its parent compound with similar antiarrhythmic efficacy, wherein it suppresses chronic premature ventricular complexes.^[8] It has a half life of 26.5 +-7.2 hrs.^[2]

Synthesis

Synthesis starts by reducing the anil formed from the condensation of 4-Chloroaniline with N-carbethoxy-4-piperidone, with sodium borohydride. This is then acylated with phenacetyl chloride to produce amide 2. Selective hydrolysis with hydrobromic acid (HBr) followed by alkylation with isopropyl bromide completes the synthesis of lorcainide (3).

References

^ Samánek M, Hrobonová V, Bartáková H (1987). "Lorcainide treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children and adolescents". Pediatric Cardiology. 8 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1007/BF02308377. PMID 2440013. S2CID 34275686.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Winkle RA, Keefe DL, Rodriguez I, Kates RE (February 1984). "Pharmacodynamics of the initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy with lorcainide". The American Journal of Cardiology. 53 (4): 544–51. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90028-6. PMID 6198895.
^ Amery WK, Aerts T (March 1983). "Lorcainide". Cardiovascular Drug Reviews. 1 (1): 109–32. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.1983.tb00445.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c Katzung B, Masters S, Trevor A (2009). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (11th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-160405-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Guyton A, Hall J (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Al-Khatib SM, Pritchett EL (September 1999). "Clinical features of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". American Heart Journal. 138 (3 Pt 1): 403–13. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70140-7. PMID 10467188.
^ Wang Q, Shen J, Li Z, Timothy K, Vincent GM, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Keating MT (September 1995). "Cardiac sodium channel mutations in patients with long QT syndrome, an inherited cardiac arrhythmia". Human Molecular Genetics. 4 (9): 1603–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.9.1603. PMID 8541846.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Echt DS, Mitchell LB, Kates RE, Winkle RA (August 1983). "Comparison of the electrophysiologic effects of intravenous and oral lorcainide in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia". Circulation. 68 (2): 392–9. doi:10.1161/01.cir.68.2.392. PMID 6861314.
^ Almotrefi AA, Dzimiri N (December 1991). "Variations in potassium concentration modify the inhibitory effect of lorcainide on myocardial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity". British Journal of Pharmacology. 104 (4): 793–6. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12508.x. PMC 1908833. PMID 1667285.
^ Castaer, J.; Weetman, D.F.; Lorcainide hydrochloride. Drugs Fut 1978, 3, 7, 518.
^ DE 2642856, Sanczuk S, Hermans H, "N-Aryl-N-(4-piperidinyl)-arylacetamide, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und arzneimittel", published 24 March 1977, assigned to Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
^ US 4126689, Sanczuk S, Hermans H, "N-aryl-N-(1-alkyl-4-piperidinyl)-arylacetamides", issued 1978, assigned to Janssen Pharmaceutica NV