Lyceum–The Circle Historic District

	Lyceum–The Circle Historic District
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark District
	Lyceum Building
Location	University Circle, Oxford, Mississippi
Coordinates	34°21′57.6″N 89°32′5.7″W / 34.366000°N 89.534917°W
Area	10 acres (40,000 m2)
Built	1848
Architect	William Nichols
Architectural style	Neoclassical Revival
NRHP reference No.	08001092
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 7, 2008
Designated NHLD	October 7, 2008

The Lyceum–The Circle Historic District is a historic district within the University of Mississippi campus in Oxford, Mississippi. It includes eight buildings and several monuments lining University Circle, and surrounds "The Circle" on the campus. The university was established as the flagship public institution of the state, and generations of leading families' sons and daughters have studied here.

The district is also significant for its association with the civil rights movement during the Ole Miss riot of 1962 and the increasing role the Federal government took to preserve constitutional rights of minorities. Ole Miss was integrated by the enrollment of James H. Meredith, an African-American military veteran, on October 1, 1962. In Mississippi in the fall of 1962, there was violent resistance to court-ordered desegregation of the university. The violence required intervention by the Federal government to protect the safety of citizens.

Meredith's admission was followed by riots on the campus, by both white students and outside segregationists who gathered there from around the state. The disturbances took place following court decisions for integration of public educational institutions, during the civil rights movement. This historic district was designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008. (This may not have been announced publicly until October 14.)^[1]^[2]

Elements of the district

Located at the center of the University of Mississippi campus, the district contains eight academic buildings arranged on University Circle, which encompasses an interior common area dubbed "The Circle," a historic site in the district. The eight buildings include the Lyceum Building, Brevard Hall, the Croft Institute for International Studies (known as the "Y" Building at the time of desegregation and earlier as the "Old Chapel"), and Carrier, Shoemaker, Ventress, Bryant, and Peabody dormitory halls. The district also includes the flagpole in the center of The Circle, the Confederate Monument in The Circle, and University Circle.^[2]

Lyceum Building

34°21′56″N 89°32′10″W / 34.365494°N 89.536037°W / 34.365494; -89.536037 (Lyceum Building)

In the university's early days, the Lyceum Building was the only academic structure, housing a lecture hall, several classrooms, the faculty offices, a geological museum, and the library.^[3] The Lyceum is now used for the university's administration offices. Its columned facade is represented on the official crest of the university, along with the date of establishment. Built in 1848 to the designs of architect William Nichols, the building is the oldest on campus and concurrent with its founding.^[2]

The Circle

34°21′55″N 89°32′06″W / 34.36533°N 89.53498°W / 34.36533; -89.53498 (The Circle)

The Circle is surrounded by University Circle, a road designed for one-way traffic. The area contains oak and magnolia trees, beds of pansies, and expanses of grass. A metal flagpole stands at the center of the green, serving as a hub for the sidewalk paths through the area. Since the mid-nineteenth century, The Circle has been the focal point and historic core of the Ole Miss campus.^[2]

Flagpole

34°21′55″N 89°32′06″W / 34.365311°N 89.535051°W / 34.365311; -89.535051 (Flagpole)

The flagpole has stood in the center of The Circle since 1962. Its brick base was constructed in 2000. During the famous desegregation riots, a former Ole Miss football player climbed the pole in an effort to attract rioters' attention and convince them to go home.^[2]

Confederate Monument

34°21′55″N 89°32′03″W / 34.365284°N 89.534085°W / 34.365284; -89.534085 (Confederate Monument)

A contextual plaque now stands in the same position where the Confederate Monument stood from 1906 until it was moved on July 14, 2020. The Confederate Monument was moved to the site of a Civil War cemetery in a secluded area of campus. 34°21′39″N 89°32′22″W / 34.3609677°N 89.539401°W / 34.3609677; -89.539401 (Confederate Monument)

The Confederate Monument contains a sub-column fashioned in the likeness of a castle, inscribed with the following: "To Our Confederate Dead, 1861-1865, Albert Sidney Johnston Chapter 379 U.D.C." (United Daughters of the Confederacy) and a Confederate soldier looking into the distance and holding a rifle at his side. It is often jokingly referred to by the Ole Miss and Oxford communities as the "second place trophy."^[2]

University Circle

34°21′55″N 89°32′02″W / 34.365222°N 89.533962°W / 34.365222; -89.533962 (University Circle)

University Circle is a 50 ft (15 m) wide roundabout with outlets between the "Y" Building and Bryant Hall, and on either side of the Lyceum, providing access to other parts of the campus.^[2]

Brevard Hall

34°21′53″N 89°32′09″W / 34.364677°N 89.535968°W / 34.364677; -89.535968 (Old Chemistry Building)

The Old Chemistry Building, now designated as Brevard Hall, was built in 1923. During the desegregation riots on September 30, 1962, students broke into the building and threw Molotov cocktail bombs from its windows at federal and civilian vehicles parked around The Circle.^[2]

Carrier Hall

34°21′51″N 89°32′07″W / 34.364226°N 89.535222°W / 34.364226; -89.535222 (Carrier Hall)

Carrier Hall was one of several buildings which students plundered for riot material in 1962. Branching off from the two-story main section is a rear section connected by two covered passageways. This section also contains two stories and is slightly inset and setback from the main section.^[2]

Shoemaker Hall

34°21′53″N 89°32′00″W / 34.364677°N 89.533431°W / 34.364677; -89.533431 (Shoemaker Hall)

During the 1962 riots, four-story Shoemaker Hall was under construction. Students took up construction materials, including loose bricks, metal conduit pipes, and a bulldozer to attack federal officers. The dorm hall was the site of one of the two fatalities associated with the riots. Each of the men killed was shot execution style.^[2]

Ventress Hall

34°21′56″N 89°32′01″W / 34.365417°N 89.533672°W / 34.365417; -89.533672 (Ventress Hall)

Two-story Ventress Hall, built in 1889, appears in a famous photo of James Meredith walking in the commencement procession on August 18, 1963.^[2]

"Y" Building

34°21′57″N 89°32′03″W / 34.365842°N 89.534305°W / 34.365842; -89.534305 (Croft Institute)

The Croft Institute for International Studies, known as the "Y" Building at the time of desegregation and earlier as the Old Chapel, in 1962 harbored many people escaping the tear gas and the general melee. Others crowded into the Y to watch United States President John F. Kennedy's televised speech regarding the desegregation of Ole Miss.^[2]

Bryant Hall

34°21′58″N 89°32′06″W / 34.366236°N 89.534949°W / 34.366236; -89.534949 (Bryant Hall)

After housing the university's library from 1911 to 1952, Bryant Hall has been home to the Fine Arts Center and the departments of Philosophy, Religion, and Classics. During the riots, much of the pitched battle was fought in front of the hall.^[2]

Peabody Hall

34°21′58″N 89°32′09″W / 34.366174°N 89.535780°W / 34.366174; -89.535780 (Peabody Hall)

During the riot, Peabody Hall offered people a safe harbor from tear gas. While trapped in the building, faculty member Russell Barrett documented the riot.^[2]