Mahidevran was the mother of Şehzade Mustafa, the eldest surviving son of the reigning Sultan. She held a prominent position in the harem of her son in Manisa. While Hürrem Sultan became Suleiman's favorite and legal wife, Mahidevran retained the status of the mother of Suleiman's eldest son,[6] and was referred to as Suleiman's "first wife" by some diplomats, despite the fact that they were never married.[7] Until Hürrem was given the title of "Sultan" and later "Haseki Sultan", a new title created for her, all consorts had the simple courtesy title of "Hatun", meaning "lady, woman".[8] Therefore Mahidevran never had the title of Sultana in the hierarchy of the harem and she was called simply "Mahidevran Hatun", although as the mother of the eldest son she still had the rank of Baş Kadın.[9] Nonetheless, in historical fiction she is often mistakenly given the title Sultan.[10][11][12]
Life with Suleiman
Of Circassian,[1][4][13] Albanian[1][14] or Montenegrin origin,[4][15] Mahidevran was listed among the seventeen women of the harem of Suleiman while he was governor of Manisa. On the basis of stipend, three women ranked above her at 5 aspers a day, while two others shared her stipend level of 4 aspers. In the harem, there were also two cariye, Akile Hatun and Belkis Hatun, who served as Mahidevran's handmaidens. These two women, buried in one of the mausoleums of the Muradiye complex, Bursa, near to the same Mahidevran, are sometimes considered Mahidevran's elder sisters, but it is more likely that they were simply girls sold into the harem with her and entered into her service when Mahidevran became a favorite.[1] Mahidevran gave birth to her only child, Şehzade Mustafa in 1516 or 1517,[16] and her status within the harem rose.[1] After the death of sultan Selim I in 1520, Suleiman ascended the throne. After his accession, she came to reside in the Old Palace in Constantinople.[17]
In 1520, Suleiman lost his two other sons, Mahmud and Murad, Mustafa became the eldest of his princely generation.[1] This gave Mahidevran an elevated position, but early in Suleiman's reign, Mahidevran encountered a new rival, Hürrem, who soon became Suleiman's favourite and later his wife.[1][4] It was recorded by Bernardo Navagero that Suleiman highly cherished Mahidevran along with Hürrem.[18][19] According to his report, as a result of the bitter rivalry a fight between the two women broke out, with Mahidevran beating Hürrem, which angered Suleiman. Known for her natural pride and beauty, she felt that every woman should submit to her authority and acknowledge her as their superior because she had served the sultan before anyone else.[20]
The rivalry between the two women was partially suppressed by Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother.[21] By 1526, Suleiman had stopped paying attention to Mahidevran and devoted his full affection to Hürrem.[18] Even though Suleiman and Hürrem developed a closer relationship, Mahidevran, as the mother of Mustafa, the eldest surviving son, retained a privileged position within the harem.[22] Suleiman also ensured her and their son Mustafa's continued comfort.[23] Pietro Bragadin, ambassador in the early years of Suleiman's reign, reported that while both were still resident in the imperial palace in Istanbul, Mustafa was his mother's "whole joy".[1]
Mustafa's governorship
According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors (Sanjak-bey) as a part of their training. Mustafa was sent to Manisa in 1533 and Mahidevran accompanied him.[24][25] As per tradition, Mahidevran was at the head of Mustafa's princely harem. Up until the very end of her son's life, she endeavored to protect Mustafa from his political rivals, and most probably maintained a network of informants in order to do so.[26] Foreign observers of the Ottomans, especially the ambassadors of the Venetian Republic followed Ottoman dynastic politics closely; their comments about Mahidevran glimpses of the vital role played by a prince's mother and of her necessary devotion to this welfare.[27]
The grand vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was also a strong supporter of Mustafa. Correspondence between the pasha as well as between Mahidevran and Mustafa, suggests a close and affectionate relationship between them. In her letter to the pasha, Mahidevran extensively acknowledges the strong familial bond, emphasising the genuine friendship and caring support demonstrated by the pasha.[28] Describing Mustafa's court at Diyarbakır near the Safavid border, Bassano wrote around 1540 that the prince had "a most wonderful and glorious court, no less than that of his father" and that "his mother, who was with him, instructs him in how to make himself loved by the people."[29] In 1541, Mustafa was transferred to Amasya.[1] By 1546, three more of Suleiman's sons were in the field, and the competition for the succession began among the four princes, although the sultan would live for another twenty years.[1]
The ambassador Bernado Navagero, in a 1553 report, described Mahidevran's efforts to protect her son: "Mustafa has with him his mother, who exercises great diligence to guard him from poisoning and reminds him everyday that he has nothing else but this to avoid, and it is said that he has boundless respect and reverence for her."[26] Mustafa was an immensely popular prince. When he was a child, the Venetian ambassador had reported that "he has extraordinary talent, he will be warrior, is much loved by the Janissaries, and performs great feats."[2] In 1553, Navagero wrote, "It is impossible to describe how much he is loved and desired by all as successor to the throne."[2]
The rumours and speculations said that, towards the end of Suleiman's long reign, the rivalry between his sons became evident and furthermore, both Hürrem and the grand vizier Rüstem Pasha turned him against Mustafa and Mustafa was accused of causing unrest. However, there is no evidence of such a conspiracy. During the campaign against Safavid Persia in 1553, Suleiman ordered the execution of Mustafa[30] on charges of planning to dethrone his father; his guilt for the treason of which he was accused has since been neither proven nor disproven.[2] The ambassador Trevisano related in 1554 that on the day Mustafa was executed, Mahidevran had sent a messenger warning him of his father's plans to kill him. Mustafa unfortunately ignored the message; according to Trevisano, he had consistently refused to heed the warnings of his friends and even his mother.[2]
For several years after her son's execution, Mahidevran lived a troubled life. She went to Bursa, where her son Mustafa was buried and became the last concubine to retire to Bursa. Less fortunate than her predecessors and presumably disgraced by her son's execution, she was unable to pay the rent on the house in which she lived, and her servants were taunted and cheated in the local markets.[2] In around 1558, some years after Mustafa's death, Suleiman's childhood friend Yahya Efendi recommended Mahidevran to be welcomed back into the palace. She had asked Yahya to intercede on her behalf. Suleiman perceived Yahya's request as insolent, resulting in his dismissal from his teaching position.[31] Mahidevran's situation improved when her debts were paid and a house was purchased for her by Selim II when he ascended the throne in 1566. Financially secure at last, Mahidevran had enough income to create an endowment for the upkeep of her son's tomb.[2] She died on 3 February 1581, outliving Suleiman and all of his children, and was buried in Mustafa's tomb.[2][3]
^Andrews, W.G.; Kalpakli, M. (2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Early modern cultural studies, 1500-1700. Duke University Press. p. 242. ISBN978-0-8223-3424-8.
^John Freely (2001). Inside the Seraglio: private lives of the sultans in Istanbul. Penguin. p. 56. The bailo also noted that Mustafa was the 'whole joy' of his mother Mahidevran, who was still Süleyman's birinci kadın, though she had been supplanted as haseki by Roxelana.
^Mahidevran is described in academic history books (incl. Harem II by M. Çağatay Uluçay, p. 45, e.g., Mustafa'nin annesi Mahidevran başkadinin mũeadelesi gelir by Pars Tuğlacıp. 189, 315 and in Tarih Dergisi, Issue 36 by İbrahim Horoz Basımevi, eg; Mustafa'nin annesi ve Kanuni'nin baş kadin olan Mahidevran Hatun... vya Gũlbahar Sultan p. 357) as Suleiman's consort.
^ abAkbay, Ridvan (11 March 2021). Mother to a Prince: Mahidevran Sultan. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN979-8-720-20766-3.
^Marie Broxup (1996). The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World. Hurst. ISBN978-1-850-65305-9. p.29
^According to which she was the daughter of a local composer, and that her original name was Pranverë Rosne. Note that Pranverë Rosne means, respectively, "spring" and "rose" in Albanian, the same meaning as Gülbahar, or "spring rose". (Relazione dell'impero ottomano riferita in Senato, Daniello de Ludovisi, Venice, 3 June 1534)
^Hughes, Sarah Shaver; Hughes, Brady (29 April 2015). Women in World History: V. 2: Readings from 1500 to the Present. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN9781317451822.
