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Mail cover

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Mail cover is a law enforcement investigative technique in which the United States Postal Service, acting at the request of a law enforcement agency, records information from the outside of letters and parcels before they are delivered and then sends the information to the agency that requested it.^[1] The Postal Service grants mail cover surveillance requests for about 30 days and may extend them for up to 120 days.

Mail covers can be requested to investigate criminal activity or to protect national security. On average the Postal Service grants 15,000 to 20,000 criminal activity requests each year.^[1] It rarely denies a request.^{[citation needed]}^[2]^[3]

Mail cover is defined by the U.S. Postal Regulations 39 CFR 233.3^[4] and the Internal Revenue Manual^[5] as follows:

Mail cover is the process by which a nonconsensual record is made of any data appearing on the outside cover of sealed or unsealed mail; or by which a record is made of the contents of any unsealed mail, as allowed by law, to obtain information to protect national security; locate a fugitive; obtain evidence of the commission or attempted commission of a crime; obtain evidence of a violation or attempted violation of a postal statute; or assist in the identification of property, proceeds, or assets forfeitable under law.^[6]

As mail cover does not involve the reading of the mail but only information on the outside of the envelope or package that could be read by anyone seeing the item anyway, it is not considered by court precedent a violation of the Fourth Amendment. However, there has been criticism of the practice by some,^[7] particularly due to the delay in mail the process might cause, though regulations prohibit mail cover from delaying mail.^[8]

According to official statistics obtained through a FOIA request by the National Law Journal, the number of mail covers in 1984 was 9,022 and increased to 14,077 in 2000.^[9] Since 2001, the Postal Service has been effectively conducting mail covers on all American postal mail as part of the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking program.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Nixon, Ron (July 3, 2013). "U.S. Postal Service Logging All Mail for Law Enforcement". New York Times.
^ USPS (March 2006). "USPS Procedures- Mail Cover Requests" (PDF). Retrieved April 18, 2021.
^ Hicks, Josh (November 20, 2014). "Postal Service almost never denies mail-surveillance requests". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ Code of Federal Regulations: U.S. Postal Regulations 39 CFR 233.3 - Mail covers. "(c) Definitions.
^ Internal Revenue Manual: 9.4.10.2.1 (03-26-2002) Definitions Relating to Mail Covers "The following are USPS mail cover definitions: ...."
^ Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 6 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 396. ISBN 9780787663742.
^ "mail cover - Everything2.com". everything2.com. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ "totse.com | Inside The Postal Mail Cover". 2008-04-19. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Amon, Elizabeth; Ravnitzky, Michael (2002-04-01). "'We're Getting Popular,' Says a Mail Cover Supervisor". National Law Journal. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

Mail cover in West's Encyclopedia of American Law

v t e United States Postal Service
Organizations	American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General
Systems	Address Management System Advanced Facer-Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Delivery Bar Code Sorter Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System
Services	Click-N-Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling
Facilities	Air mail facility Boat railway post office Community post office Dead letter office Highway post office J. W. Westcott II List of United States post offices National Postal Museum Network distribution center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar railway post office Terminal railway post office
Legal	Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 Private Express Statutes Rural Post Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code
Related	2020 United States Postal Service crisis United States airmail service CAR-RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information-Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM-D Owney (dog) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal voting in the United States Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD-4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed

v t e Mail and postal systems
History	Timeline of postal history African countries Asian countries European countries Oceanian countries Pan-American countries Postal censorship	Envelope for mailing
Components	Advertising mail Bulk mail Envelope Indicia Information-Based Indicia Letter box Mail Mail bag Meter stamp Parcel Parcel locker Post box / Mailbox Relay box Post office Post office box Postage meter Postage stamp Postal code Postal marking
Delivery	Airmail Express Package delivery Registered Surface Surface Air Lifted (SAL)
Staff	Mail carrier Postal worker Postmaster Postmaster General
Processing	Intelligent Mail barcode Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Multiline Optical Character Reader Mail cover Mail sorting Package forwarding PLANET POSTNET
Institutions and systems	Postal entities Postal museums Postal services Postal systems by country Trade unions
Related	Courier Philately most expensive philatelic items Stamp collecting notable stamps catalogues Philatelic terminology
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