Marangu Defences or Chagga Caves (Mapango ya Uchaggani in Swahili ) are a man-made defence cave system that was erected in the late 18th century as defence of the Chaga from Maasai raids and expanded the system in the late 19th century as part of the Chagga resistance from the German occupation. The caves are located in various locations within Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania.[2][3][4]
^Clack, Timothy (2009). "Sheltering Experience in Underground Places: Thinking through Precolonial Chagga Caves on Mount Kilimanjaro". World Archaeology. 41 (2): 321–344. doi:10.1080/00438240902844434. JSTOR40388256. S2CID162389875.
