Montluçon is linked with surrounding regions and towns via four main road axes, plus the highway A71 from Orléans to Clermont-Ferrand; through a railway linking in the North Vierzon then Paris (3-5h). Formerly the canal de Berry linked Montluçon towards the north.
Montluçon is 106 kilometres (66 miles) south of Bourges, 340 km (211 miles) from Paris, 95 km (59 mi) from Clermont-Ferrand, 280 km (174 mi) (3h) from Lyon, 150 km (93 mi) (2h) from Limoges and 400 km (249 mi) from the Atlantic coast.
Montluçon is close to the Méridienne verte (an architectural project marking the Paris meridian) and to the Greenwich meridian.
Montluçon was built in the Middle Ages. The first mention of a place called Monte Lucii (Mont de Lucius) dates from the eleventh century. Guillaume, son of Archambaud IV of Bourbon, built the castle in a defensible position on a small rocky hill on a bend in the river Cher.
The town, which formed part of the duchy of Bourbon, was taken by Henry II in 1171, and by Philip Augustus in 1181; the English were finally driven out in the 14th century.
In the 14th century, Louis II de Bourbon re-built the castle and walls. Montluçon and other Bourbon lands reverted to the French crown in 1529, and Henry IV further improved the defenses.
Montluçon became the administrative seat of the area in 1791, then entered the industrial era thanks to the presence of coalpits 12 km (7 mi) distant in Commentry, the Canal de Berry in 1830 and the railway in 1864. These transport links allowed the import of ore and export of coal, wood and manufactured goods. The population grew from 5000 inhabitants in 1830 to 50 000 in 1950.
World War II
During the Second World War, the Germans occupied the Dunlop tyre plant (even though Montluçon was in the free zone) to exploit the research laboratory to synthesize rubber, since natural rubber could not be imported by Germany. The manufacturing of tyres for Luftwaffe aircraft was also of interest for the Germans.
For this reason, the Allies bombed the site on 12–16 September 1943, as well as part of the nearby town Saint-Victor, causing 36 deaths and injuring more than 250 civilians.
A notable act of resistance occurred in the city on 6 January 1943 when a mob of citizens overran guards supervising a massive deportation of men to Germany in accordance with the Service de Travail Obligatoire (Obligatory Work Service) plan that sent able Frenchmen to fill vacancies in German factories during the war. All the men who were to be deported managed to escape into the countryside, evading the forced industrial service awaiting them in the Reich.[3]
Post-World War II
Since 1945, traditional industry (blast furnaces and glassware) has declined. Today Montluçon has chemical industries, tyre manufacture (Dunlop), and electronics (Sagem), and more recently a technopole at La Loue was established for high-tech companies.
New Zealand-born SOE agent Nancy Wake, the most decorated woman of World War II, led her small army of resistance fighters in the countryside around Montluçon. Wake died on 7 August 2011 aged 98, and on 11 March 2013, her ashes were scattered in a small wood outside Montluçon. The ceremony was followed by a civic reception in the town.
Population
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1793
5,521
—
1800
5,684
+0.42%
1806
5,212
−1.43%
1821
4,716
−0.66%
1831
4,991
+0.57%
1836
5,034
+0.17%
1841
5,740
+2.66%
1846
7,331
+5.01%
1851
8,922
+4.01%
1856
15,289
+11.37%
1861
16,212
+1.18%
1866
18,675
+2.87%
1872
21,247
+2.17%
1876
23,416
+2.46%
1881
26,079
+2.18%
1886
27,818
+1.30%
1891
27,878
+0.04%
1896
31,595
+2.53%
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1901
35,062
+2.10%
1906
34,251
−0.47%
1911
33,799
−0.27%
1921
36,114
+0.66%
1926
37,504
+0.76%
1931
41,052
+1.82%
1936
42,515
+0.70%
1946
46,826
+0.97%
1954
48,743
+0.50%
1962
55,184
+1.56%
1968
57,871
+0.80%
1975
56,468
−0.35%
1982
49,912
−1.75%
1990
44,248
−1.49%
1999
41,362
−0.75%
2007
39,761
−0.49%
2012
38,072
−0.86%
2017
35,653
−1.30%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
The upper town, on the right bank of the Cher, consists of steep, narrow, winding streets, and preserves several buildings of the 15th and 16th centuries. The lower town, traversed by the Cher, is the industrial zone.
The church of Notre-Dame dates from the fourteenth century, the church of St Pierre partly from the 12th. The town hall, with a library, occupies the site of an old Ursuline convent, and two other convents are used as a college and hospital. Overlooking the town is the castle rebuilt by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, and taken by Henry IV during the French Wars of Religion; it serves as a barracks.
Administration:
Montluçon is a sub-prefecture and has courts, a board of trade arbitration, a chamber of commerce and several schools (general public, private, commercial).
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