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Muhammad Jamalul Alam II

In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Muhammad Jamalul Alam. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
محمد جمال العالم ٢
Portrait of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
Sultan of Brunei
Reign10 May 1906 – 11 September 1924
Coronation15 May 1918
PredecessorHashim
SuccessorAhmad Tajuddin
Born1889 (1889)
Istana Kampong Ayer, Brunei Town, Brunei
Died11 September 1924(1924-09-11) (aged 34–35)
Istana Majlis, Brunei Town, Brunei
Burial
Kubah Makam Diraja, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Spouses
  • Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah
    ​
    ​
    (died 1947)​
  • Tengah
    ​
    (m. 1910)​
Issue
List
Names
Sultan Muhammad Jamalul 'Alam II ibni Sultan Hashim Jalilul 'Alam Aqamaddin
HouseBolkiah
FatherSultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
MotherPengiran Anak Siti Fatimah
ReligionIslam

Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (1889 – 11 September 1924) was the 26th Sultan of Brunei from 1906 until his death in 1924.[1] His reign aimed to encourage new developments in agriculture, medicine, and education.[2] Additionally, he also encouraged learning Islam and built a mosque despite the country's lack of revenue.[2] During World War II, the mosque was destroyed due to the intense shelling and fighting within the towns in Brunei.[3] His reign also oversaw Brunei during its most impoverished state.[4]

Early life

Born in 1889 at Istana Kampong Ayer, Bandar Brunei, he was the eldest surviving son of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin and Siti Fatimah binti Radin Othman. Before he became sultan, he was known as Pengiran Muda Bongsu Muhammad Jamalul Alam.[5]

Reign (1906-1924)

Succession

Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II at a state ceremony in the 1920s

Jamalul Alam ascended to the throne at the age of 17 after the death of his father in 1906.[6] He became the first Sultan of Brunei who could speak English.[7] The responsibility of the Sultan was in the hands of the Majlis Pemangku Raja (Council of Regency).[8]

Residential System

With the introduction of the Residential System in Brunei in 1906, all the executive power, except in matters of religion and tradition, was transferred from the Sultan to the Resident.[9] In 1909, he relocated his residence on land,[10] and later encouraged Chinese to settle in Brunei for commercial skills.[11] Jamalul Alam was convinced by the pengiran bendahara (vizier) to signed a petition to change 5 points to the 1905 treaty.[12] It was also during his reign that Islamic Law was officially introduced in the country.[2] This was known as Mohammedan Laws Enactment.[13] It was introduced in 1912, replacing the Kanun Brunei.[14] Then in 1913, the Marriage and Divorce Act was introduced.[13] It was only on 15 May 1918 that he was crowned as sultan.[15][16]

Visit of Prince of Wales

Then Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII), accompanied by the naval officers of HMS Renown (1916) and HMS Cairo (D87),[17] agreed to visit Brunei and meet the Sultan on 18 May 1922.[18][19] Soon after the location had been sealed off to the public, Jamalul Alam came wearing robes of state and gold silk. He was escorted by his ministers, counsellors, and honour guard, and he took his place just in front of the Prince's landing spot. Soon after midday, the Prince arrived to a 21-gun salute, received assistance from the Sultan to disembark, greeted all those in attendance, and was escorted in the royal chair to the audience hall. After a curry tiffin, the Prince went to the neighbouring falls with the Resident and his wife. He shook hands with everyone and said he had a great time before leaving at four o'clock.[17]

Later reign

On the occasion of the Malay and Borneo Cultural Festival in honour of the Prince of Wales' visit to Malaya in 1922, Jamalul Alam became the first monarch of Brunei to visit Singapore,[19] followed by a band of traditional musicians as attendants to the Sultan.[20] When a cultural group traveled with the Sultan, the roots of Brunei theater were planted.[21] That same year, he moved from Istana Kampong Ayer to Istana Majlis.[22] The first discovery of crude oil in Brunei occurred during his reign but not before major oil strikes were made in Seria in 1927.[23]

Death

Following a brief bout of malaria, which was made worse by his anguish at the loss of his primary spouse, Pengiran Isteri Tengah, and their two children to malaria, a few days prior.[24] He passed away at age 35 on 11 September 1924.[25] He was succeeded by his eldest son, Pengiran Muda Besar Ahmad Tajuddin.[26][24] He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum at Jalan Tutong.[27]

Personal life

Official portrait of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II and Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah

Marriage

Jamalul Alam was married to Tengah and Siti Fatimah.[28]

Issue

He had a total of 10 children whom were;[29][30]

  • Pengiran Muda Bongsu (18 November 1908 – 1910)
  • Pengiran Muda Besar Ahmad Tajuddin (22 August 1913 – 4 June 1950), Sultan of Brunei from 1924 to 1950
  • Pengiran Muda Anum (died September 1924), killed by malaria
  • Pengiran Muda Laila Gambar (died September 1924), killed by malaria
  • Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddien (23 September 1914 – 7 September 1986), Sultan of Brunei from 1950 to 1967
  • Pengiran Anak Besar Bagol (died 10 June 1945), married Pengiran Bini Zainab
  • Pengiran Anak Puteri Besar (1902 – 16 September 1993), married to Pengiran Anak Hashim[31]
  • Pengiran Anak Puteri Tengah (1910 – 24 August 1969)
  • Pengiran Anak Puteri Damit (born 6 April 1911)
  • Princess Tinggal, married to Pengiran Anak Besar

Things named after him

  • Muhammad Jamalul Alam Mosque, named after him and the early Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I.[32]
  • Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Middle School (SMJA), formerly Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Malay Middle School.[33]
  • Maharajalela Jamalulalam (MLJ) is an offshore gas field that was discovered in 1990.[34][35][36]

Honours

Honorary Knighthood of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George granted to Jamalul Alam by King George V in appreciation of his unwavering allegiance to the British Crown throughout World War I (1914–1918).[19]

References

  1. ^ Saunders, Graham (5 November 2013). A History of Brunei. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-136-87394-2.
  2. ^ a b c Melton, J. Gordon (15 January 2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1618. ISBN 978-1-61069-026-3.
  3. ^ Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri (Haji) (2002). Survival of Brunei: A Historical Perspective. Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. p. 62. ISBN 978-99917-34-18-7.
  4. ^ Hussainmiya, Bachamiya Abdul (2000). The Brunei Constitution of 1959: An Inside History. Brunei Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-99917-32-04-6.
  5. ^ "Sultans of Brunei Series II - Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II". Sultans of Brunei Series II - Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  6. ^ Kershaw, Roger (4 January 2002). Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition. Routledge. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-134-66707-9.
  7. ^ Bolton, Kingsley; Botha, Werner; Kirkpatrick, Andy (6 October 2020). The Handbook of Asian Englishes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-118-79180-6.
  8. ^ Haller-Trost, R. (1994). The Brunei-Malaysia Dispute Over Territorial and Maritime Claims in International Law. IBRU. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-897643-07-5.
  9. ^ Horton, A. V. M. (1986). "British Administration in Brunei 1906-1959". Modern Asian Studies. 20 (2): 353–374. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00000871. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312580. S2CID 144185859.
  10. ^ Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook. Trade & Trade & Travel Publications ; New York, NY. 1996. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-8442-8886-4.
  11. ^ Thumboo, Edwin (1996). Cultures in ASEAN and the 21st Century. UniPress, Centre. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-00-8174-4.
  12. ^ Vienne, Marie-Sybille de (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
  13. ^ a b "Islamic Family Law » Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)". Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  14. ^ Saadiah, Hajah (2006). "PENTADBIRAN UNDANG-UNDANG ISLAM DI NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM PADA ZAMAN BRITISH" (PDF). Akedemi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. p. 2.
  15. ^ The Brunei Museum Journal. The Museum. 1982. p. 85.
  16. ^ Saunders, Graham (5 November 2013). A History of Brunei. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-87394-2.
  17. ^ a b May, Gary (1 November 1998). Hard Oiler!: The Story of Canadians' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad. Dundurn. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-4597-1312-3.
  18. ^ Saunders, Graham (5 November 2013). A History of Brunei. Routledge. pp. XII. ISBN 978-1-136-87394-2.
  19. ^ a b c d Great Britain Colonial Office (1965). Brunei. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 226.
  20. ^ Brisbane, Katherine; Chaturvedi, Ravi; Majumdar, Ramendu; Pong, Chua Soo; Tanokura, Minoru (16 August 2005). The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Volume 5: Asia/Pacific. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-134-92978-8.
  21. ^ Wasli, Ena (January 2024). "Curtains Up: A History of Theatre in Brunei". Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  22. ^ "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  23. ^ World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 1199. ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9.
  24. ^ a b Great Britain Colonial Office (1965). Brunei. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 226.
  25. ^ Kumarasingham, H. (18 July 2020). Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth. Springer Nature. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-030-46283-3.
  26. ^ Vienne, Marie-Sybille de (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
  27. ^ Pusaka: berita Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan Negara Brunei Darussalam (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan Negara Brunei Darussalam. 2014. p. 11.
  28. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1994. p. 55.
  29. ^ Norhayati binti Haji Abd Karim (July 2019). "Shaer Yang Di-Pertuan: Merafak Adat Istiadat Diraja". Faculty of Arabic Language, Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (in Malay). p. 65-66. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  30. ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (2010). Royal Poet Al-marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien. Brunei History Centre. ISBN 978-99917-34-74-3.
  31. ^ Al-Sufri, Mohd Jamil (2010). Royal Poet Al-marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien. Brunei History Centre. p. 9. ISBN 978-99917-34-74-3.
  32. ^ "Berita - Masjid Jamalul Alam semarakkan Sambutan Hari..." www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  33. ^ Brunei (1976). Annual Report. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 120.
  34. ^ "Total in Brunei". TotalEnergies Brunei. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Oil & gas field profile: Maharaja Lela Jamalul Alam Conventional Gas Field, Brunei". Offshore Technology. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  36. ^ "Total ready to go with Brunei Maharaja Lela Jamalulalam South". 2B1stconsulting. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  37. ^ Ujan, Gira (2008). Pengantar sejarah kesusasteraan klasik Melayu Brunei (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. p. 93. ISBN 978-99917-0-588-0.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Brunei
1906–1924 		Succeeded by


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