Myxosporea

Myxosporea
	Kudoa septempunctata - spores
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Subphylum:	Myxozoa
Class:	Myxosporea; Buetchli 1881
Orders
	Bivalvulida; Multivalvulida;
Synonyms
	Actinomyxea; Actinosporea;

Myxosporea is a class of microscopic animals, all of whom are parasites. They belong to the Myxozoa clade within Cnidaria. They have a complex life cycle that comprises vegetative forms in two hosts—one an aquatic invertebrate (generally an annelid but sometimes a bryozoan) and the other an ectothermic vertebrate, usually a fish. Each parasitized host releases a different type of spore. The two forms of spore are so different that until relatively recently they were treated as belonging to different classes within the Myxozoa.

Taxonomic status

The taxonomy of both actinosporeans and myxosporeans was originally based on spore morphology. In 1994 the phylum Myxozoa was redefined to solve the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems arising from the two-host life cycle of myxozoans.^[1]^[2] The distinction between the two previously recognised classes Actinosporea and Myxosporea disappeared and the class Actinosporea was suppressed, becoming a synonym of the class Myxosporea (Bütschli, 1881). The generic names of actinosporeans were retained as collective "type" names, and it was proposed that they be used to characterise different morphological forms of actinosporeans. Those remaining actinosporeans whose myxosporean stage is unattested are being retained as species inquirenda until their specific identity is established.

It has been hypothesized that myxosporeans might have evolved from a transmissible tumor of Polypodium. This hypothesis is called the "SCANDAL hypothesis", an acronym for speciation by cancer development animals, referencing its radical nature.^[3]^[4]

Transmission

Until the 1980s, direct transmission of myxosporeans was presumed. In 1984, it was shown experimentally that spores of Myxobolus cerebralis failed to produce infections when fed to salmonids.^[2] To reproduce successfully, this species requires a tubificid worm as an intermediate host, in which the spores develop into a "species" of the "genus" Triactinomyxon. These spores develop inside the oligochaete into forms which are infectious to salmonids.

Such a life cycle—with two different sexual stages, each resulting in two kinds of resistant spores—is unique amongst parasitic organisms, let alone those in the kingdom of animals. This mode of life has been confirmed in several other Myxobolus species. This vector has also been proved in other families. Ceratonova shasta, an economically important parasite of salmonids, has been shown to use a polychaete worm as an alternate host.^[5]

Direct transmission between fish has also been demonstrated, so far in three species of Enteromyxum.

Examples of Myxosporean genera are Kudoa, which attacks fish muscle,^[6] and Myxobolus, which attacks the hearts of freshwater fishes.^[7]

References

^ Kent ML, Margolis L, Corliss JO (1994). "The demise of a class of protists: Taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions proposed for the protist phylum Myxozoa Grasse, 1970". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72 (5): 932–937. doi:10.1139/z94-126.
^ ^a ^b Wolf K, Markiw ME (September 1984). "Biology contravenes taxonomy in the myxozoa: new discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts". Science. 225 (4669): 1449–52. Bibcode:1984Sci...225.1449W. doi:10.1126/science.225.4669.1449. PMID 17770061.
^ Panchin AY, Aleoshin VV, Panchin YV (January 2019). "From tumors to species: a SCANDAL hypothesis". Biology Direct. 14 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13062-019-0233-1. PMC 6343361. PMID 30674330.
^ Wilcox, Christie (19 August 2019). "Can New Species Evolve From Cancers? Maybe. Here's How". Quanta Magazine. New York City: Simons Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
^ Bartholomew JL, Whipple MJ, Stevens DG, Fryer JL (October 1997). "The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate host". The Journal of Parasitology. 83 (5): 859–68. doi:10.2307/3284281. JSTOR 3284281. PMID 9379291.
^ Bolin, Jessica A.; Cummins, Scott F.; Mitu, Shahida A.; Schoeman, David S.; Evans, Karen J.; Scales, Kylie L. (2021-06-11). "First report of Kudoa thunni and Kudoa musculoliquefaciens affecting the quality of commercially harvested yellowfin tuna and broadbill swordfish in Eastern Australia". Parasitology Research. 120 (7): 2493–2503. doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07206-8. ISSN 1432-1955.
^ Matos, Edilson; Videira, Marcela; Velasco, Michele; Sanches, Osimar; Clemente, Sergio Carmona de São; Matos, Patricia (December 2014). "Infection of the heart of Pimelodus ornatus (Teleostei, Pimelodidae), by Myxobolus sp. (Myxozoa, Myxobolidae)". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária. 23 (4): 543–546. doi:10.1590/s1984-29612014083. ISSN 1984-2961.