Nicolas Gisin

Nicolas Gisin
Nicolas Gisin
Born	29 May 1952 (age 72); Geneva, Switzerland
Citizenship	Swiss
Alma mater	University of Geneva
Known for	SARG04; Long distance quantum communication; Quantum cryptography; Quantum nonlocality; Quantum teleportation; Work on the foundations of quantum physics; Schrödinger–HJW theorem; Time-bin encoding
Awards	Micius Quantum Prize (2023); Marcel Benoist Prize (2014); John Stewart Bell Prize (2009); Descartes Prize (2004)
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics, Quantum foundations
Institutions	University of Geneva, Constructor University
Doctoral advisor	Constantin Piron
Other academic advisors	Gérard Emch

Nicolas Gisin (born 1952) is a Swiss physicist and professor at the University of Geneva, working on the foundations of quantum mechanics, quantum information, and communication. His work includes both experimental and theoretical physics. He has contributed work in the fields of experimental quantum cryptography and long-distance quantum communication over standard telecom optical fibers. He also co-founded ID Quantique, a company that provides quantum-based technologies.

Biography

Nicolas Gisin was born in Geneva on 29 May 1952. He received a degree in mathematics and a master's degree in physics before receiving his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Geneva in 1981. His dissertation concerned quantum and statistical physics. After several years in the software and optical communication industries, Gisin joined the Group of Applied Physics at the University of Geneva in 1994, where he started working in optics. Since 2000, he has been the Director of the Department of Applied Physics,^[1] leading a research group in Quantum information and quantum communication. The European Research Council awarded him with two successive ERC Advanced Grants.^[2]^[3] In 2009, he received the first biennial John Stewart Bell Prize^[4] and, in 2011, he received the prize of the Geneva City.^[5] In 2014, Switzerland awarded him the Swiss Science prize sponsored by the Foundation Marcel Benoist^[6] and delivered by the National Government.

On 17 July 2014, Gisin published his book, Quantum Chance: Nonlocality, Teleportation, and Other Quantum Marvels, in which he explains modern quantum physics and its applications without using mathematics or difficult concepts.^[7] The text has been translated from French into English, German, Chinese, Korean, and Russian.

Gisin played at the highest Swiss level and was president of Servette HC from 2000 to 2015, furthering his club to become the largest in Switzerland. In 2010 Servette HC was awarded the title “Club of the Year” by the European Hockey Federation.^[8]^[9] In 2014, the team won the Swiss championship for the first time in its century-long history.

Research

In 1995,^[10]^[11]^[12] Gisin transmitted a quantum cryptographic signal at a distance of 23 km over a commercial optical fiber under Lake Geneva. Later, his group extended this record to 67 km ^[13] and 307 km ^[14] using Plug-&-Play and Coherent One Way configurations for quantum key distribution.
In 1997, Nicolas Gisin and his group demonstrated Bell inequality violations at a distance of over 10 km.^[15] This was the first time when quantum non-locality was demonstrated outside the lab; the distance was increased by about three orders of magnitude with respect to all previous experiments. This was followed by further experiments, ever strengthening the conclusion by excluding more and more sophisticated alternative models to quantum theory.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
In the early 2000s he was the first in demonstrating quantum teleportation over long distances.^[21]^[22] In the latter experiment the receiving photon was hundreds of meters away when the Bell state measurement that triggers the teleportation process was performed.
The previous breakthroughs would not have been possible without single-photon detectors compatible with telecommunication optical fibers. When Gisin entered the field such detectors did not exist. Today, thanks to Gisin and his group at the University of Geneva,^[23] single-photon detectors at telecom wavelengths are commercially available.
Nicolas Gisin’s work pushed optical fiber quantum communication almost to its limits. To go further one needs quantum memories and repeaters. His group invented an original quantum memory protocol using rare earth doped crystals^[24] and used it to demonstrate the first solid state quantum memory.^[25] Recently they entangled: first a photon with such a crystal,^[26] next two such crystals^[27] and finally teleported a photonic qubit into a solid-state quantum memory over a distance of 25 km.^[28]
Schrödinger’s equation is a basic law of nature. Yet one may envisage that at a certain moment in the future novel discoveries may lead to its modification. The most natural such modification is introduction of non-linear terms. Another “Gisin theorem” states however that all deterministic nonlinear modifications of the Schrödinger equation necessarily activate quantum non-locality, leading to true violations of relativity.^[29]^[30]
One of the most important characteristics of quantum information is the no-cloning theorem. Nicolas Gisin derived a bound on the fidelity of approximate quantum cloning from the relativistic no-signaling constraint.^[31]
Nicolas Gisin contributed to relating non-locality to the security of quantum key distribution, notably with Antonio Acín, Valério Scarani, Nicolas Brunner and Stephano Pironio.^[32]^[33]^[34] This opened an entirely new field of research known as Device Independent Quantum Information Processing (DI-QIP).
In 1984, Nicolas Gisin’s proposed stochastic Schrödinger equations^[35] and his subsequent work with Ian C. Percival is now widely used in the study of the dynamics of open quantum systems.^[36]
Gisin invented a technique to measure Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) in optical fibers.^[37]^[38] This turned out to be an extremely important parameter of telecom fibers whose importance was initially underestimated. The technique was adopted as an international standard and was transferred to industry (first to a spin-off, next to the Canadian company EXFO). Still today it is the most used technique to characterize PMD. Being both a classical and quantum engineer, he applied the abstract concepts of quantum weak values to the field of classical telecommunication networks.^[39]
In 2019, Nicolas Gisin demonstrated the existence of a new form of nonlocality in quantum networks^[40]^[41]
In 2021, Nicolas Gisin proved that Real Quantum Theory, the theory obtained from quantum theory when complex numbers are replaced with real ones, cannot explain all the correlations which can be obtained in quantum networks,^[42]^[43] notably with Antonio Acín.

Awards

Prize Dina Surdin, awarded by the Fondation Louis de Broglie, Paris, for his PhD thesis (1982)
Product Performance Award, granted by Magazine PC Publishing for his work at the software company CPI (1988)
Selected by the MIT Technology Review as representative of one of the 10 technologies that should “change the world”! (2003)
Descartes Prize for the European IST-QuCom project for “excellence in collaborative research” awarded by the European Commission (2004)
Doctor Honoris Causa, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne (2004)
Prix Science de la Ville de Genève. (2007)
Fellow of the European Optical Society for “contribution to the foundation of quantum mechanics and its application” (2008)
ERC Advanced Grant on “Quantum Correlations” (2008)
John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (2009)
ERC Advanced Grant on “Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals” (2013)
Selected as a Thomson-Reuters Highly Cited Researcher (2014)
Swiss Science Prize 2014 awarded by the foundation Marcel Benoist. This is the highest Swiss prize for all sciences, awarded once per year to a single person (2014)
Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing award, QCMC’14 (2014)
Volta Medal from the University of Pavia, Italy (2015)

References

^ Leader of the Group of Applied Physics
^ ERC Quantum Correlations^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ERC Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "First John Stewart Bell Prize ceremony". Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
^ "Prix de la Ville de Genève". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
^ Video of the Marcel Benoist Prize Ceremony
^ Gislim, Nicolas (2014). Quantum Chance: Nonlocality, Teleportation and Other Quantum Marvels. Springer International.
^ EuroHockey Club Of The Year
^ Photos of the EuroHockey Club Of the Year
^ Muller, A.; Bréguet, J.; Gisin, N. (1993). "Experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using polarized photons in optical-fiber over more than 1 km". Europhys. Lett. 23 (6): 383. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/23/6/001. S2CID 121806881.
^ Muller, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1995). "Underwater quantum coding" (PDF). Nature. 378 (6556): 449. doi:10.1038/378449a0. S2CID 4237561.
^ Muller, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1996). "Quantum cryptography over 23 km in installed under-lake telecom fibre". Europhys. Lett. 33 (5): 335. doi:10.1209/epl/i1996-00343-4. S2CID 250916473.
^ Stucki, D.; Gisin, N.; Guinnard, O.; Ribordy, G.; Zbinden, H. (2002). "Quantum Key Distribution over 67 km with a plug&play system". New Journal of Physics. 4: 41. arXiv:quant-ph/0203118. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/4/1/341. S2CID 16704961.
^ Korzh, B.; et al. (2015). "Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre". Nature Photonics Letter. 9: 163–168. arXiv:1407.7427. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.327. S2CID 59028718.
^ Tittel, W.; Brendel, J.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1998). "Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart". Physical Review Letters. 81 (17): 3563–3566. arXiv:quant-ph/9806043. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3563. S2CID 55712217.
^ Tittel, W.; Brendel, J.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (1999). "Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons". Phys. Rev. A. 59 (6): 4150–4163. arXiv:quant-ph/9809025. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.59.4150. S2CID 119095575.
^ Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (1999). "Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches". Phys. Lett. A. 264 (2–3): 103–107. arXiv:quant-ph/9906049. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00807-5. S2CID 15383228.
^ Zbinden, H.; Brendel, J.; Gisin, N.; Tittel, W. (2001). "Experimental test of nonlocal quantum correlation in relativistic configurations" (PDF). Physical Review A. 63 (2): 022111. arXiv:quant-ph/0007009. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.63.022111. S2CID 44611890.
^ Stefanov, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N.; Suarez, A. (2002). "Quantum correlations with spacelike separated beam splitters in motion: Experimental test of multisimultaneity". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (12): 120404. arXiv:quant-ph/0110117. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.120404. PMID 11909434. S2CID 119522191.
^ Salart, D.; Baas, A.; Branciard, C.; Gisin, N; Zbinden, H. (2008). "Testing the speed of 'spooky action at a distance'". Nature. 454 (7206): 861–864. arXiv:0808.3316. doi:10.1038/nature07121. PMID 18704081. S2CID 4401216.
^ Marcikic, I.; de Riedmatten, H.; Tittel, W.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (2003). "Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths". Nature. 421 (6922): 509–513. arXiv:quant-ph/0301178. doi:10.1038/nature01376. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12556886. S2CID 118877331. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ Landry, Olivier; Houwelingen, J. A. W. van; Beveratos, Alexios; Zbinden, Hugo; Gisin, Nicolas (2007-02-01). "Quantum teleportation over the Swisscom telecommunication network". JOSA B. 24 (2): 398–403. arXiv:quant-ph/0605010. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.24.000398. ISSN 1520-8540. S2CID 1377852. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ Ribordy, Grégoire; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Zbinden, Hugo; Gisin, Nicolas (1998-04-20). "Performance of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes as gated-mode photon counters". Applied Optics. 37 (12): 2272–2277. arXiv:quant-ph/0605042. doi:10.1364/AO.37.002272. ISSN 2155-3165. PMID 18273153.
^ Afzelius, Mikael; Simon, Christoph; de Riedmatten, Hugues; Gisin, Nicolas (2009-05-21). "Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs". Physical Review A. 79 (5): 052329. arXiv:0805.4164. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.052329. S2CID 55205943.
^ A solid-state light-matter interface at the single-photon level, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius, M. Staudt, Ch. Simon and N. Gisin, Nature, 456, 773-777 (2008).
^ Quantum storage of photonic entanglement in a crystal, Ch. Clausen, I. Usmani, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Nature, 469, 508-511 (2011).
^ Heralded quantum entanglement between two crystals, I. Usmani, Ch. Clausen, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius and N. Gisin, Nature Photonics 6, 234-237 (2012).
^ Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory, F. Bussières, Ch. Clausen et al., Nature Photonics 8, 775-778 (2014).
^ Stochastic quantum dynamics and relativity, N. Gisin, Helvetica Physica Acta 62, 363-371 (1989).
^ Relevant and irrelevant nonlinear Schrodinger equations, N. Gisin and M. Rigo, Phys. A, 28, 7375- 7390 (1995).
^ Quantum cloning without signalling, N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 242, 1 (1998).
^ From Bell's theorem to secure quantum key distribution, A. Acin, N. Gisin and L. Masanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006).
^ Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio and V. Scarani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007).
^ Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks, S. Pironio, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar and V. Scarani, New Journal of Physics, 11, 1-25 (2009).
^ Quantum measurements and stochastic processes, N. Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1657 (1984).
^ The Quantum State Diffusion model applied to open systems, N. Gisin and I.C. Percival, J. Phys. A, 25, 5677-5691 (1992).
^ Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers, N. Gisin, J.P. Von Der Weid and J.P. Pellaux, IEEE J. Lightwave Technology, 9, 821-827 (1991).
^ Polarization mode dispersion: Time domain versus Frequency domain, N. Gisin and J.P. Pellaux, Optics Commun., 89, 316-323 (1992).
^ Optical Telecom Networks as Weak Quantum Measurements with Post-selection, N. Brunner, A. Acin, D.Collins, N. Gisin et V. Scarani, Physical Review Letters, 91, 180402 (2003).
^ Renou, Marc-Olivier; Bäumer, Elisa; Boreiri, Sadra; Brunner, Nicolas; Gisin, Nicolas; Beigi, Salman (September 2019). "Genuine Quantum Nonlocality in the Triangle Network". Physical Review Letters. 123 (14). American Physical Society (APS): 140401. arXiv:1905.04902. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.140401. ISSN 1079-7114.
^ Pusey, Matthew F. (September 30, 2019). "Quantum Correlations Take a New Shape". Physics. 12 (106). York, United Kingdom: American Physical Society.
^ Renou, Marc-Olivier; Trillo, David; Weilenmann, Mirjam; Le, Thinh P.; Tavakoli, Armin; Gisin, Nicolas; Acín, Antonio; Navascués, Miguel (December 2021). "Quantum theory based on real numbers can be experimentally falsified". Nature. 600 (7890). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 625–629. arXiv:2101.10873. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04160-4. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Renou, Marc-Olivier; Acín, Antonio; Navascués, Miguel (1 April 2023). "Quantum Physics Falls Apart without Imaginary Numbers". Scientific American.

External links

Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva.
IDQ, ID-Quantique Cie.
Quantum Chance, non-locality, teleportation and other quantum marvels, Springer 2014.
Servette Field Hockey Club

[1] Leader of the Group of Applied Physics

[2] ERC Quantum Correlations^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[3] ERC Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[4] "First John Stewart Bell Prize ceremony". Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2015-09-28.

[5] "Prix de la Ville de Genève". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-28.

[6] Video of the Marcel Benoist Prize Ceremony

[7] Gislim, Nicolas (2014). Quantum Chance: Nonlocality, Teleportation and Other Quantum Marvels. Springer International.

[8] EuroHockey Club Of The Year

[9] Photos of the EuroHockey Club Of the Year

[10] Muller, A.; Bréguet, J.; Gisin, N. (1993). "Experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using polarized photons in optical-fiber over more than 1 km". Europhys. Lett. 23 (6): 383. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/23/6/001. S2CID 121806881.

[11] Muller, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1995). "Underwater quantum coding" (PDF). Nature. 378 (6556): 449. doi:10.1038/378449a0. S2CID 4237561.

[12] Muller, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1996). "Quantum cryptography over 23 km in installed under-lake telecom fibre". Europhys. Lett. 33 (5): 335. doi:10.1209/epl/i1996-00343-4. S2CID 250916473.

[13] Stucki, D.; Gisin, N.; Guinnard, O.; Ribordy, G.; Zbinden, H. (2002). "Quantum Key Distribution over 67 km with a plug&play system". New Journal of Physics. 4: 41. arXiv:quant-ph/0203118. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/4/1/341. S2CID 16704961.

[14] Korzh, B.; et al. (2015). "Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre". Nature Photonics Letter. 9: 163–168. arXiv:1407.7427. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.327. S2CID 59028718.

[15] Tittel, W.; Brendel, J.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (1998). "Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart". Physical Review Letters. 81 (17): 3563–3566. arXiv:quant-ph/9806043. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3563. S2CID 55712217.

[16] Tittel, W.; Brendel, J.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (1999). "Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons". Phys. Rev. A. 59 (6): 4150–4163. arXiv:quant-ph/9809025. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.59.4150. S2CID 119095575.

[17] Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (1999). "Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches". Phys. Lett. A. 264 (2–3): 103–107. arXiv:quant-ph/9906049. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00807-5. S2CID 15383228.

[18] Zbinden, H.; Brendel, J.; Gisin, N.; Tittel, W. (2001). "Experimental test of nonlocal quantum correlation in relativistic configurations" (PDF). Physical Review A. 63 (2): 022111. arXiv:quant-ph/0007009. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.63.022111. S2CID 44611890.

[19] Stefanov, A.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N.; Suarez, A. (2002). "Quantum correlations with spacelike separated beam splitters in motion: Experimental test of multisimultaneity". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (12): 120404. arXiv:quant-ph/0110117. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.120404. PMID 11909434. S2CID 119522191.

[20] Salart, D.; Baas, A.; Branciard, C.; Gisin, N; Zbinden, H. (2008). "Testing the speed of 'spooky action at a distance'". Nature. 454 (7206): 861–864. arXiv:0808.3316. doi:10.1038/nature07121. PMID 18704081. S2CID 4401216.

[21] Marcikic, I.; de Riedmatten, H.; Tittel, W.; Zbinden, H.; Gisin, N. (2003). "Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths". Nature. 421 (6922): 509–513. arXiv:quant-ph/0301178. doi:10.1038/nature01376. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12556886. S2CID 118877331. Retrieved 2023-07-26.

[22] Landry, Olivier; Houwelingen, J. A. W. van; Beveratos, Alexios; Zbinden, Hugo; Gisin, Nicolas (2007-02-01). "Quantum teleportation over the Swisscom telecommunication network". JOSA B. 24 (2): 398–403. arXiv:quant-ph/0605010. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.24.000398. ISSN 1520-8540. S2CID 1377852. Retrieved 2023-07-26.

[23] Ribordy, Grégoire; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Zbinden, Hugo; Gisin, Nicolas (1998-04-20). "Performance of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes as gated-mode photon counters". Applied Optics. 37 (12): 2272–2277. arXiv:quant-ph/0605042. doi:10.1364/AO.37.002272. ISSN 2155-3165. PMID 18273153.

[24] Afzelius, Mikael; Simon, Christoph; de Riedmatten, Hugues; Gisin, Nicolas (2009-05-21). "Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs". Physical Review A. 79 (5): 052329. arXiv:0805.4164. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.052329. S2CID 55205943.

[25] A solid-state light-matter interface at the single-photon level, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius, M. Staudt, Ch. Simon and N. Gisin, Nature, 456, 773-777 (2008).

[26] Quantum storage of photonic entanglement in a crystal, Ch. Clausen, I. Usmani, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Nature, 469, 508-511 (2011).

[Heralded-27] Heralded quantum entanglement between two crystals, I. Usmani, Ch. Clausen, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius and N. Gisin, Nature Photonics 6, 234-237 (2012).

[28] Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory, F. Bussières, Ch. Clausen et al., Nature Photonics 8, 775-778 (2014).

[29] Stochastic quantum dynamics and relativity, N. Gisin, Helvetica Physica Acta 62, 363-371 (1989).

[30] Relevant and irrelevant nonlinear Schrodinger equations, N. Gisin and M. Rigo, Phys. A, 28, 7375- 7390 (1995).

[31] Quantum cloning without signalling, N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 242, 1 (1998).

[32] From Bell's theorem to secure quantum key distribution, A. Acin, N. Gisin and L. Masanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006).

[33] Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio and V. Scarani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007).

[34] Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks, S. Pironio, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar and V. Scarani, New Journal of Physics, 11, 1-25 (2009).

[35] Quantum measurements and stochastic processes, N. Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1657 (1984).

[36] The Quantum State Diffusion model applied to open systems, N. Gisin and I.C. Percival, J. Phys. A, 25, 5677-5691 (1992).

[37] Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers, N. Gisin, J.P. Von Der Weid and J.P. Pellaux, IEEE J. Lightwave Technology, 9, 821-827 (1991).

[38] Polarization mode dispersion: Time domain versus Frequency domain, N. Gisin and J.P. Pellaux, Optics Commun., 89, 316-323 (1992).

[39] Optical Telecom Networks as Weak Quantum Measurements with Post-selection, N. Brunner, A. Acin, D.Collins, N. Gisin et V. Scarani, Physical Review Letters, 91, 180402 (2003).

[40] Renou, Marc-Olivier; Bäumer, Elisa; Boreiri, Sadra; Brunner, Nicolas; Gisin, Nicolas; Beigi, Salman (September 2019). "Genuine Quantum Nonlocality in the Triangle Network". Physical Review Letters. 123 (14). American Physical Society (APS): 140401. arXiv:1905.04902. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.140401. ISSN 1079-7114.

[41] Pusey, Matthew F. (September 30, 2019). "Quantum Correlations Take a New Shape". Physics. 12 (106). York, United Kingdom: American Physical Society.

[42] Renou, Marc-Olivier; Trillo, David; Weilenmann, Mirjam; Le, Thinh P.; Tavakoli, Armin; Gisin, Nicolas; Acín, Antonio; Navascués, Miguel (December 2021). "Quantum theory based on real numbers can be experimentally falsified". Nature. 600 (7890). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 625–629. arXiv:2101.10873. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04160-4. ISSN 1476-4687.

[43] Renou, Marc-Olivier; Acín, Antonio; Navascués, Miguel (1 April 2023). "Quantum Physics Falls Apart without Imaginary Numbers". Scientific American.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

Nicolas Gisin

Biography

Research

Awards

References

External links

Read other articles:

Hibike! Euphonium

Eijsden

Lumban Sewa, Borbor, Toba

Simitli

B

Taiwanese Braille

Volvo

Erika Blanc

The Sun (United Kingdom)

Повітряні сили Збройних сил України

SMK Bhakti Negeri

Arrondissement di Haiti

Mila (research institute)

Physics-Uspekhi

Yellow-crowned night heron

Siege of Hulst (1640)

Rules of chess

Social reality

Racquet and Tennis Club

Early Modern Japanese