Nikolai Pavlovich Barabashov (Russian: Николай Павлович Барабашов; Ukrainian: Микола Павлович Барабашов, romanized: Mykola Pavlovych Barabashov; March 30, 1894 – April 29, 1971) was a Soviet astronomer.
Barabashov was born in Kharkov, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kharkiv, Ukraine). He graduated from Kharkiv University in 1919; served as Director, Kharkiv Observatory, 1930; Professor, Kharkiv University, 1934; Rector, Kharkiv University, 1943-1946. He became a member of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences in 1948.