Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Multiplexing
Analog modulation
Related topics

Orbital angular momentum multiplexing is a physical layer method for multiplexing signals carried on electromagnetic waves using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the electromagnetic waves to distinguish between the different orthogonal signals.[1]

OAM is one of two forms of angular momentum of light; it is distinct from, and should not be confused with, light spin angular momentum. The latter offers only two orthogonal quantum states, corresponding to the two states of circular polarization, and can be demonstrated to be equivalent to a combination of polarization multiplexing and phase shifting. OAM on the other hand relies on an extended beam of light, and the higher quantum degrees of freedom which come with the extension. OAM multiplexing can thus access a potentially unbounded set of states, and as such offer a much larger number of channels, subject only to the constraint of real-world optics. The constraint has been clarified in terms of independent scattering channels or the degrees of freedom of scattered fields through angular-spectral analysis, in conjunction with a rigorous Green function method. [2] The degrees of freedom limit is universal for arbitrary spatial-mode multiplexing, which is launched by a planar electromagnetic device, such as antenna, metasurface, etc., with a predefined physical aperture.

As of 2013, although OAM multiplexing promises very significant improvements in bandwidth when used in concert with other existing modulation and multiplexing schemes, it is still an experimental technique, and has so far only been demonstrated in the laboratory. Following the early claim that OAM exploits a new quantum mode of information propagation, the technique has become controversial, with numerous studies suggesting it can be modelled as a purely classical phenomenon by regarding it as a particular form of tightly modulated MIMO multiplexing strategy, obeying classical information theoretic bounds.

As of 2020, new evidence from radio telescope observations suggests that radio-frequency orbital angular momentum may have been observed in natural phenomena on astronomical scales, a phenomenon which is still under investigation.[3]

History

OAM multiplexing was demonstrated using light beams in free space as early as 2004.[4] Since then, research into OAM has proceeded in two areas: radio frequency and optical transmission.

Radio frequency

Terrestrial experiments

An experiment in 2011 demonstrated OAM multiplexing of two incoherent radio signals over a distance of 442 m.[5] It has been claimed that OAM does not improve on what can be achieved with conventional linear-momentum based RF systems which already use MIMO, since theoretical work suggests that, at radio frequencies, conventional MIMO techniques can be shown to duplicate many of the linear-momentum properties of OAM-carrying radio beam, leaving little or no extra performance gain.[6]

In November 2012, there were reports of disagreement about the basic theoretical concept of OAM multiplexing at radio frequencies between the research groups of Tamburini and Thide, and many different camps of communications engineers and physicists, with some declaring their belief that OAM multiplexing was just an implementation of MIMO, and others holding to their assertion that OAM multiplexing is a distinct, experimentally confirmed phenomenon.[7][8][9]

In 2014, a group of researchers described an implementation of a communication link over 8 millimetre-wave channels multiplexed using a combination of OAM and polarization-mode multiplexing to achieve an aggregate bandwidth of 32 Gbit/s over a distance of 2.5 metres.[10] These results agree well with predictions about severely limited distances made by Edfors et al.[6]

The industrial interest for long-distance microwave OAM multiplexing seems to have been diminishing since 2015, when some of the original promoters of OAM-based communication at radio frequencies (including Siae Microelettronica) have published a theoretical investigation[11] showing that there is no real gain beyond traditional spatial multiplexing in terms of capacity and overall antenna occupation.

Radio astronomy

In 2019, a letter published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society presented evidence that OAM radio signals had been received from the vicinity of the M87* black hole, over 50 million light-years distant, suggesting that orbital angular momentum information can propagate over astronomical distances.[3]

Optical

OAM multiplexing has been trialled in the optical domain. In 2012, researchers demonstrated OAM-multiplexed optical transmission speeds of up to 2.5 Tbits/s using 8 distinct OAM channels in a single beam of light, but only over a very short free-space path of roughly one metre.[1][12] Work is ongoing on applying OAM techniques to long-range practical free-space optical communication links.[13]

OAM multiplexing can not be implemented in the existing long-haul optical fiber systems, since these systems are based on single-mode fibers, which inherently do not support OAM states of light. Instead, few-mode or multi-mode fibers need to be used. Additional problem for OAM multiplexing implementation is caused by the mode coupling that is present in conventional fibers,[14] which cause changes in the spin angular momentum of modes under normal conditions and changes in orbital angular momentum when fibers are bent or stressed. Because of this mode instability, direct-detection OAM multiplexing has not yet been realized in long-haul communications. In 2012, transmission of OAM states with 97% purity after 20 meters over special fibers was demonstrated by researchers at Boston University.[15] Later experiments have shown stable propagation of these modes over distances of 50 meters,[16] and further improvements of this distance are the subject of ongoing work. Other ongoing research on making OAM multiplexing work over future fibre-optic transmission systems includes the possibility of using similar techniques to those used to compensate mode rotation in optical polarization multiplexing.[citation needed]

Alternative to direct-detection OAM multiplexing is a computationally complex coherent-detection with (MIMO) digital signal processing (DSP) approach, that can be used to achieve long-haul communication,[17] where strong mode coupling is suggested to be beneficial for coherent-detection-based systems.[18]

In the beginning, people achieve OAM multiplexing by employing several phase plates or spatial light modulators. An on-chip OAM multiplexer was then an interest of research. In 2012, a paper by Tiehui Su and et al. demonstrated an integrated OAM multiplexer.[19] Different solutions for integrated OAM multiplexer were demonstrated like Xinlun Cai with his paper in 2012.[20] In 2019, Jan Markus Baumann and et al. designed a chip for OAM multiplexing.[21]

Practical demonstration in optical-fiber system

A paper by Bozinovic et al. published in Science in 2013 claims the successful demonstration of an OAM-multiplexed fiber-optic transmission system over a 1.1 km test path.[22][23] The test system was capable of using up to 4 different OAM channels simultaneously, using a fiber with a "vortex" refractive-index profile. They also demonstrated combined OAM and WDM using the same apparatus, but using only two OAM modes.[23]

A paper by Kasper Ingerslev et al. published in Optics Express in 2018 demonstrates a MIMO-free transmission of 12 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes over a 1.2 km air-core fiber.[24] WDM compatibility of the system is shown by using 60, 25 GHz spaced WDM channels with 10 GBaud QPSK signals.

Practical demonstration in conventional optical-fiber systems

In 2014, articles by G. Milione et al. and H. Huang et al. claimed the first successful demonstration of an OAM-multiplexed fiber-optic transmission system over a 5 km of conventional optical fiber,[25][26][27] i.e., an optical fiber having a circular core and a graded index profile. In contrast to the work of Bozinovic et al., which used a custom optical fiber that had a "vortex" refractive-index profile, the work by G. Milione et al. and H. Huang et al. showed that OAM multiplexing could be used in commercially available optical fibers by using digital MIMO post-processing to correct for mode mixing within the fiber. This method is sensitive to changes in the system that change the mixing of the modes during propagation, such as changes in the bending of the fiber, and requires substantial computation resources to scale up to larger numbers of independent modes, but shows great promise.

In 2018 Zengji Yue, Haoran Ren, Shibiao Wei, Jiao Lin & Min Gu[28] at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology miniaturised this technology, shrinking it from the size of a large dinner table to a small chip which could be integrated into communications networks. This chip could, they predict, increase the capacity of fibre-optic cables by at least 100-fold and likely higher as the technology is further developed.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Sebastian Anthony (2012-06-25). "Infinite-capacity wireless vortex beams carry 2.5 terabits per second". Extremetech. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
  2. ^ Yuan, Shuai S. A.; Wu, Jie; Chen, Menglin L. N.; Lan, Zhihao; Zhang, Liang; Sun, Sheng; Huang, Zhixiang; Chen, Xiaoming; Zheng, Shilie; Jiang, Lijun; Zhang, Xianmin; Sha, Wei E. I. (16 December 2021). "Approaching the Fundamental Limit of Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexing Through a Hologram Metasurface". Physical Review Applied. 16 (6): 064042. arXiv:2106.15120. Bibcode:2021PhRvP..16f4042Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.16.064042. S2CID 245269914.
  3. ^ a b Tamburini, F.; Thidé, B.; Della Valle, M. (November 2019). "Measurement of the spin of the M87 black hole from its observed twisted light". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. Vol. 492, no. 1. pp. L22–L27. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz176.
  4. ^ Gibson, G.; Courtial, J.; Padgett, M. J.; Vasnetsov, M.; Pas'Ko, V.; Barnett, S. M.; Franke-Arnold, S. (2004). "Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum". Optics Express. 12 (22): 5448–5456. Bibcode:2004OExpr..12.5448G. doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.005448. PMID 19484105.
  5. ^ Tamburini, F.; Mari, E.; Sponselli, A.; Thidé, B.; Bianchini, A.; Romanato, F. (2012). "Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: First experimental test". New Journal of Physics. 14 (3): 033001. arXiv:1107.2348. Bibcode:2012NJPh...14c3001T. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/033001. S2CID 3570230.
  6. ^ a b Edfors, O.; Johansson, A. J. (2012). "Is Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Based Radio Communication an Unexploited Area?". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 60 (2): 1126. Bibcode:2012ITAP...60.1126E. doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2173142. S2CID 446298.
  7. ^ Jason Palmer (8 November 2012). "'Twisted light' data-boosting idea sparks heated debate". BBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  8. ^ Tamagnone, M.; Craeye, C.; Perruisseau-Carrier, J. (2012). "Comment on 'Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: First experimental test'". New Journal of Physics. 14 (11): 118001. arXiv:1210.5365. Bibcode:2012NJPh...14k8001T. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/11/118001. S2CID 46656508.
  9. ^ Tamburini, F.; Thidé, B.; Mari, E.; Sponselli, A.; Bianchini, A.; Romanato, F. (2012). "Reply to Comment on 'Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: First experimental test'". New Journal of Physics. 14 (11): 118002. Bibcode:2012NJPh...14k8002T. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/11/118002.
  10. ^ Yan, Y.; Xie, G.; Lavery, M. P. J.; Huang, H.; Ahmed, N.; Bao, C.; Ren, Y.; Cao, Y.; Li, L.; Zhao, Z.; Molisch, A. F.; Tur, M.; Padgett, M. J.; Willner, A. E. (2014). "High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing". Nature Communications. 5: 4876. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4876Y. doi:10.1038/ncomms5876. PMC 4175588. PMID 25224763.
  11. ^ Oldoni, Matteo; Spinello, Fabio; Mari, Elettra; Parisi, Giuseppe; Someda, Carlo Giacomo; Tamburini, Fabrizio; Romanato, Filippo; Ravanelli, Roberto Antonio; Coassini, Piero; Thide, Bo (2015). "Space-Division Demultiplexing in Orbital-Angular-Momentum-Based MIMO Radio Systems". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 63 (10): 4582. Bibcode:2015ITAP...63.4582O. doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2456953. S2CID 44003803.
  12. ^ "'Twisted light' carries 2.5 terabits of data per second". BBC News. 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
  13. ^ Djordjevic, I. B.; Arabaci, M. (2010). "LDPC-coded orbital angular momentum (OAM) modulation for free-space optical communication". Optics Express. 18 (24): 24722–24728. Bibcode:2010OExpr..1824722D. doi:10.1364/OE.18.024722. PMID 21164819.
  14. ^ McGloin, D.; Simpson, N. B.; Padgett, M. J. (1998). "Transfer of orbital angular momentum from a stressed fiber-optic waveguide to a light beam". Applied Optics. 37 (3): 469–472. Bibcode:1998ApOpt..37..469M. doi:10.1364/AO.37.000469. PMID 18268608.
  15. ^ Bozinovic, Nenad; Steven Golowich; Poul Kristensen; Siddharth Ramachandran (July 2012). "Control of orbital angular momentum of light with optical fibers". Optics Letters. 37 (13): 2451–2453. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.2451B. doi:10.1364/ol.37.002451. PMID 22743418.
  16. ^ Gregg, Patrick; Poul Kristensen; Siddharth Ramachandran (January 2015). "Conservation of orbital angular momentum in air-core optical fibers". Optica. 2 (3): 267–270. arXiv:1412.1397. Bibcode:2015Optic...2..267G. doi:10.1364/optica.2.000267. S2CID 119238835.
  17. ^ Ryf, Roland; Randel, S.; Gnauck, A. H.; Bolle, C.; Sierra, A.; Mumtaz, S.; Esmaeelpour, M.; Burrows, E. C.; Essiambre, R.; Winzer, P. J.; Peckham, D. W.; McCurdy, A. H.; Lingle, R. (February 2012). "Mode-Division Multiplexing Over 96 km of Few-Mode Fiber Using Coherent 6 × 6 MIMO Processing". Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30 (4): 521–531. Bibcode:2012JLwT...30..521R. doi:10.1109/JLT.2011.2174336. S2CID 6895310.
  18. ^ Kahn, J.M.; K.-P. Ho; M. B. Shemirani (March 2012). "Mode Coupling Effects in Multi-Mode Fibers" (PDF). Proc. Of Optical Fiber Commun. Conf.: OW3D.3. doi:10.1364/OFC.2012.OW3D.3. ISBN 978-1-55752-938-1. S2CID 11736404.
  19. ^ Su, Tiehui; Scott, Ryan P.; Djordjevic, Stevan S.; Fontaine, Nicolas K.; Geisler, David J.; Cai, Xinran; Yoo, S. J. B. (2012-04-23). "Demonstration of free space coherent optical communication using integrated silicon photonic orbital angular momentum devices". Optics Express. 20 (9): 9396–9402. Bibcode:2012OExpr..20.9396S. doi:10.1364/OE.20.009396. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 22535028.
  20. ^ Cai, Xinlun; Wang, Jianwei; Strain, Michael J.; Johnson-Morris, Benjamin; Zhu, Jiangbo; Sorel, Marc; O’Brien, Jeremy L.; Thompson, Mark G.; Yu, Siyuan (2012-10-19). "Integrated Compact Optical Vortex Beam Emitters". Science. 338 (6105): 363–366. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..363C. doi:10.1126/science.1226528. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23087243. S2CID 206543391.
  21. ^ Baumann, Jan Markus; Ingerslev, Kasper; Ding, Yunhong; Frandsen, Lars Hagedorn; Oxenløwe, Leif Katsuo; Morioka, Toshio (2019). "A Silicon Photonic Design Concept for a Chip-to-Fibre Orbital Angular Momentum Mode-Division Multiplexer". 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) (PDF). IEEE. pp. Paper pd_1_9. doi:10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8872253. ISBN 978-1-7281-0469-0. S2CID 204822462.
  22. ^ Jason Palmer (28 June 2013). "'Twisted light' idea makes for terabit rates in fibre". BBC News.
  23. ^ a b Bozinovic, N.; Yue, Y.; Ren, Y.; Tur, M.; Kristensen, P.; Huang, H.; Willner, A. E.; Ramachandran, S. (2013). "Terabit-Scale Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing in Fibers". Science. 340 (6140): 1545–8. Bibcode:2013Sci...340.1545B. doi:10.1126/science.1237861. PMID 23812709. S2CID 206548907.
  24. ^ Ingerslev, Kasper; Gregg, Patrick; Galili, Michael; Ros, Francesco Da; Hu, Hao; Bao, Fangdi; Castaneda, Mario A. Usuga; Kristensen, Poul; Rubano, Andrea; Marrucci, Lorenzo; Rottwitt, Karsten (2018-08-06). "12 mode, WDM, MIMO-free orbital angular momentum transmission". Optics Express. 26 (16): 20225–20232. Bibcode:2018OExpr..2620225I. doi:10.1364/OE.26.020225. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 30119335.
  25. ^ Richard Chirgwin (19 Oct 2015). "Boffins' twisted enlightenment embiggens fibre". The Register.
  26. ^ Milione, G.; et al. (2014). "Orbital-Angular-Momentum Mode (De)Multiplexer: A Single Optical Element for MIMO-based and non-MIMO-based Multimode Fiber Systems". Orbital-Angular-Momentum Mode (De)Multiplexer: A Single Optical Element for MIMO-based and non-MIMO based Multimode Fiber Systems. pp. M3K.6. doi:10.1364/OFC.2014.M3K.6. ISBN 978-1-55752-993-0. S2CID 2055103. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  27. ^ Huang, H.; Milione, G.; et al. (2015). "Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre". Scientific Reports. 5: 14931. Bibcode:2015NatSR...514931H. doi:10.1038/srep14931. PMC 4598738. PMID 26450398.
  28. ^ Gu, Min; Lin, Jiao; Wei, Shibiao; Ren, Haoran; Yue, Zengji (2018-10-24). "Angular-momentum nanometrology in an ultrathin plasmonic topological insulator film". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4413. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.4413Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06952-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6200795. PMID 30356063.

External links
Read more information:

Leaving Neverland

Leaving NeverlandSutradaraDan ReedProduserDan ReedPemeran Michael Jackson (rekaman arsip) Wade Robson Jimmy Safechuck Penata musikChad HobsonSinematograferDan ReedPenyuntingJules CornellPerusahaanproduksiAmos PicturesDistributor HBO Channel 4 Kew Media Tanggal rilis 25 Januari 2019 (2019-01-25) (Sundance) 3 Maret 2019 (2019-03-03) (Amerika Serikat) 6 Maret 2019 (2019-03-06) (Britania Raya) Durasi236 menit[1] 182 minutes (UK version)[2]NegaraAmerik…

Alushta

Alushta АлуштаAluştaKota BenderaLambang kebesaranAlushtaLokasi Alushta di KrimeaKoordinat: 44°40′2″N 34°23′52″E / 44.66722°N 34.39778°E / 44.66722; 34.39778Koordinat: 44°40′2″N 34°23′52″E / 44.66722°N 34.39778°E / 44.66722; 34.39778Negara Ukraina de jure Rusia de factoLuas • Total6,983 km2 (2,696 sq mi)Ketinggian50 m (160 ft)Populasi (2014) • Total29.078Z…

Taman Vanda

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

Daftar tokoh Batak

Daftar tokoh Batak ini merupakan daftar tokoh yang berasal dari etnis Batak atau berdarah Batak: Batak Toba, Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, Simalungun, dan Pakpak. Umumnya dicirikan dengan penggunaan nama marga (merga) Batak pada akhir namanya. Dalam penulisan resmi nama tokoh yang bersangkutan sering tidak dituliskan nama marga (merga)-nya. Namun kami mengusahakan untuk mendapatkan informasi nama marga (merga) tokoh tersebut agar informasi yang ditampilkan lebih lengkap. Keterangan : Simbol (…

Бекетов, Андрей Николаевич (ботаник)

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Бекетов; Бекетов, Андрей; Бекетов, Андрей Николаевич.Андрей Николаевич Бекетов Дата рождения 26 ноября (8 декабря) 1825[1] Место рождения Алферьевка, Сердобский уезд, Саратовская губерния, Российская империя Дата с…

Senat Romawi

Romawi Kuno Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan KetatanegaraanRomawi Kuno Zaman Kerajaan Romawi753–509 SM Republik Romawi509–27 SM Kekaisaran Romawi27 SM – 395 M Principatus Dominatus Wilayah Barat395–476 M Wilayah Timur395–1453 M Lini Masa Konstitusi Romawi Konstitusi Zaman Kerajaan Konstitusi Zaman Republik Konstitusi Zaman Kekaisaran Konstitusi Akhir Zaman Kekaisaran Senatus Sidang Legislatif Magistratus Eksekutif Preseden dan Hukum Hukum Romawi Ius Imperium Mos Maiorum …

العلاقات الأندورية التشيلية

العلاقات الأندورية التشيلية أندورا تشيلي   أندورا   تشيلي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأندورية التشيلية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أندورا وتشيلي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة أندورا …

Farbauti (satelit)

Diagram ini menunjukkan orbit satelit iregular Saturnus. Di tengah, orbit Titan, sebuah satelit yang regular, ditandai dengan warna merah sebagai perbandingan. Farbauti (satelit) adalah satelit alami dari planet Saturnus. Saturnus memiliki 62 satelit, dengan 53 di antaranya telah dinamai dan hanya 13 di antaranya memiliki diameter lebih dari 50 kilometer. Referensi http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Sats&Object=Saturn Diarsipkan 2014-04-16 di Wayback Machine.

Lani Dwi Rejeki

Lani Dwi Rejeki Lani Dwi Rejeki (lahir 25 Maret 1965) adalah seorang birokrat asal Indonesia kelahiran Purwokerto. Ia sempat menjadi Sekretaris Daerah Kabupaten Batang. Pada 2022, ia diangkat menjadi pelaksana jabatan Bupati Batang. Ia juga meraih 24 penghargaan yang meliputi Kabupaten Ramah Investasi dari Anugrah Jawa POS, Peringkat 1 JDIH Kategori Kabupaten dari Kemenkumham, Kabupaten Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dari Kemenkumhan serta TOP Pembina BUMD Award 2023 tingkat nasional.[1]…

Pemilihan calon presiden Les Républicains 2016

Pemilihan calon presiden Les Républicains 2016202120–27 November 2016[1]Kandidat   Calon François Fillon Alain Juppé Partai LR LR Suara rakyat 2.919.874 1.471.898 Persentase 66,5% 33,5% Calon UMP pendahuluNicolas Sarkozy Calon LR François Fillon Pemilihan calon presiden Les Républicains 2016 adalah pemilihan yang diadakan dari tanggal 20 November hingga 27 November 2016 oleh Partai Les Républicains, Partai Demokrat Kristen dan Partai Nasional Independen dan Petani untuk…

SMK Syafi'i Akrom Pekalongan

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMK Syafi'i Akrom Pekalongan beralamat di Jl. Pelita 1 No. 322 (Perum. Buaran Indah) Kota Pekalongan 51133 Jawa Tengah, berdiri tahun 2004 yang diresmikan oleh Sa'id Agil Husain Al Munawar, Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia. SMK Syafi'i kota pekalongan merup…

Cobham, Surrey

Village in the Borough of Elmbridge in Surrey, England Not to be confused with Cobham, Kent or Chobham. Human settlement in EnglandCobhamStreet off the High Street leading to the parish churchCobhamLocation within SurreyArea8.29 km2 (3.20 sq mi)Population9,739 (2011 census)[1] or 17,273 as Built-up Area including Oxshott[2]• Density1,175/km2 (3,040/sq mi)OS grid referenceTQ1160• London17 mi (27 km)Civil parishn/aDistrictE…

House of Representatives of Fiji

Former lower house of Fiji; abolished in 2003 Politics of Fiji Constitution History Executive President (list) Wiliame Katonivere Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka Cabinet Attorney-General Siromi Turaga Leader of the Opposition Inia Seruiratu Legislative Parliament Speaker: Naiqama Lalabalavu Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Kamal Kumar Court of Appeal High Court Elections Electoral system Voting Political parties Post-independence elections 1972Mar 1977Sep 19771982198719921994199920012006201…

Jantung

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Jantung – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR JantungJantung manusiaRincianSistemSirkulasiArteriAorta,[a] pulmonary trunk dan arteri pulmoner kanan dan kiri[b] Arteri koroner kanan,…

Euro starter kits

Packs of euro coins of all the eight denominations sealed in a plastic bag This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Euro starter kits – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Euro starter kits are packs of euro coins of all the eight denomin…

2008 Abu Kamal raid

US attack on militant groups in Syria2008 Abu Kamal raidPart of the Iraq WarThe Al-Qa'im/Abu Kamal area on the Iraqi-Syrian border.TypeSpecial operationsLocationAbu Kamal, SyriaPlanned by United StatesTargetforeign fighter logistics networkDate26 October 2008; 15 years ago (2008-10-26)Executed byDelta ForceCIA's Special Activities DivisionOutcomeOperational successCasualties8 killed7 wounded[1]vteIraq War (Outline)Timeline 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20…

Luna Park, Seattle

Amusement park in Seattle, Washington, U.S. For other amusement parks known by the same name, see Luna Park. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Luna Park, Seattle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Luna ParkLuna Park 1910. In the…

WEFG-LD

WPTV-LP redirects here. Not to be confused with WPTV-TV. Television station in Pennsylvania, United StatesWEFG-LDPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 21 (UHF)Virtual: 7ProgrammingAffiliationssee § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerPhiladelphia Television Network, Inc.HistoryFirst air dateAugust 16, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-08-16)Former call signsW07CB (1991–2001)WPTV-LP (2001)WWJT-LP (2001–2010)Former channel number(s)Analog: 7 (VHF, 1991–2010)Former affil…

Ed Hochuli

American football official and attorney (born 1950) Ed HochuliHochuli in 2017Born (1950-12-25) December 25, 1950 (age 73)Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Arizona Law SchoolOccupation(s)NFL official (1990–2017)Attorney (Jones, Skelton & Hochuli, P.L.C.) (1983–2021)Children6 (including Shawn Hochuli)Websitejshfirm.com/attorneys/ehochuli Edward G. Hochuli[1] (/ˈhɒkjʊli/ HOCK-yuu-lee; born December 25, 1950)[2] is an…

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） 土…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya