Outer Lands

40°48′N 73°18′W / 40.8°N 73.3°W / 40.8; -73.3

The Outer Lands is the prominent terminal moraine archipelagic region off the southern coast of New England in the United States. This eight-county region of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York comprises the peninsula of Cape Cod and the islands of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, Block Island, and Long Island, as well as surrounding islands and islets.

Though the existence of an arc or chain of islands^[1]^[2] in this archipelago is widely acknowledged by geographers, it is rarely given a specific name; occasionally a descriptive term such as southern New England islands^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] or a technical term such as Cape Cod/Long Island ecoregion^[7] or Long Island-Cape Cod Coastal Lowland^[8] is used. The Isles of Stirling was the name granted in 1635 when the islands came into the possession of William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling. "Outer Lands" is a term popularized by author Dorothy Sterling in her 1967 natural history guide of the same name,^[9] and used by later natural history authors such as Patrick J. Lynch.^[10]

Divisions

The Massachusetts section is often called the "Cape and Islands", with the "Islands" subregion very specifically referring to Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and other smaller islands in Dukes and Nantucket counties.

Long Island is often informally considered a part of the "New York islands" alongside Staten Island and Manhattan. These islands are geographically contiguous with the broader region. (The insular Massachusetts sections were actually part of the Province of New York for most of the late 17th century.)

Other islands in Long Island Sound and Rhode Island Sound (Narragansett Bay Islands) are also often included in the region.

More rarely, Sandy Hook in New Jersey is included.

Geology

The Outer Lands forms the insular northeasternmost extension of North America's Atlantic coastal plain. The islands of the Outer Lands were formed of terminal moraines deposited on a series of cuestas by the recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation.^[11]^[12]

Some of the islands are included in the archipelago due to proximity, despite key geological differences, such as Manhattan, which is instead part of the Manhattan Prong.

The islands are separated from the mainland by a series of bays and sounds that used to make up Lake Connecticut, Lake Narragansett, and other glacial lakes.

Ecology

For eastern Long Island and areas east, the region is designated Environmental Protection Agency ecoregion 84 for the Atlantic coastal pine barrens, with the majority 84a for "Cape Cod/Long Island", and along the Long Island south shore 84c for "Barrier Islands/Coastal Marshes". Western Long Island and along the north shore is largely 59g for "Long Island Sound Coastal Lowland", a part of the broader Northeastern Coastal Zone.^[13]^[14]^[7]

The region is designated the "Long Island-Cape Cod Coastal Lowland", Major Land Resource Area 149B, by the United States Department of Agriculture, which also includes Staten Island.^[8]

Culture

The region has historically had a strong maritime culture, with an emphasis on fishing. From eastern Long Island east, much of the region has in recent decades taken on a summer colony character.^[15]

References

^ Wetherell, W. D. (1995). The Smithsonian Guides to Natural America: Northern New England--Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Smithsonian Books. p. 8. ISBN 9780679761532.
^ Strahler, Arthur N. (1988). A Geologist's View of Cape Cod. Parnassus Imprint. p. 7. ISBN 9780940160392.
^ Geological Survey Research 1964. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. C134.
^ Caldwell, Donald H. (1986). The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, Eastern New York. University of the State of New York, State Education Department. p. 6. ISBN 9781555570019.
^ The Indian Use of Block Island Between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1676, National Register Nomination. Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission. 1990. p. 3.
^ Aber, James S.; Ber, Andrzej (2007-03-28). Glaciotectonism. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 9780080556277.
^ ^a ^b "Ecoregions of New York" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Ecological Site Description System". esis.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
^ Sterling, Dorothy (1967). The outer lands: a natural history guide to Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Block Island, and Long Island. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. LCCN 67011253.
^ "Field Guide to Cape Cod | Yale University Press". yalebooks.yale.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
^ Davis, Richard A. Jr (2012-12-06). Geology of Holocene Barrier Island Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 310. ISBN 9783642783609.
^ DiPietro, Joseph A. (2012-12-21). Landscape Evolution in the United States: An Introduction to the Geography, Geology, and Natural History. Newnes. p. 103. ISBN 9780123978066.
^ "USEPA Ecoregions Level III and IV". ArcGIS Hub. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
^ "Breeding Bird Atlas 2 Full Ecoregions". Mass Audubon. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
^ A Summer Place. New York Magazine. 1980-12-29. p. 30.

[1] Wetherell, W. D. (1995). The Smithsonian Guides to Natural America: Northern New England--Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Smithsonian Books. p. 8. ISBN 9780679761532.

[2] Strahler, Arthur N. (1988). A Geologist's View of Cape Cod. Parnassus Imprint. p. 7. ISBN 9780940160392.

[3] Geological Survey Research 1964. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. C134.

[4] Caldwell, Donald H. (1986). The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, Eastern New York. University of the State of New York, State Education Department. p. 6. ISBN 9781555570019.

[5] The Indian Use of Block Island Between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1676, National Register Nomination. Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission. 1990. p. 3.

[6] Aber, James S.; Ber, Andrzej (2007-03-28). Glaciotectonism. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 9780080556277.

[:1-7] "Ecoregions of New York" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2010.

[:0-8] "Ecological Site Description System". esis.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[9] Sterling, Dorothy (1967). The outer lands: a natural history guide to Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Block Island, and Long Island. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. LCCN 67011253.

[10] "Field Guide to Cape Cod | Yale University Press". yalebooks.yale.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-17.

[11] Davis, Richard A. Jr (2012-12-06). Geology of Holocene Barrier Island Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 310. ISBN 9783642783609.

[12] DiPietro, Joseph A. (2012-12-21). Landscape Evolution in the United States: An Introduction to the Geography, Geology, and Natural History. Newnes. p. 103. ISBN 9780123978066.

[13] "USEPA Ecoregions Level III and IV". ArcGIS Hub. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[14] "Breeding Bird Atlas 2 Full Ecoregions". Mass Audubon. Retrieved 2018-07-17.

[15] A Summer Place. New York Magazine. 1980-12-29. p. 30.

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Outer Lands

Divisions

Geology

Ecology

Culture

See also

References

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