Parhedylidae

Parhedylidae
	live Pontohedyle milaschewitchii; ot = oral tentacles,; ey = eyes,; dg = digestive gland.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Heterobranchia
Infraclass:	Euthyneura
Superorder:	Acochlidiacea
Family:	Parhedylidae; Thiele, 1931
Synonyms
	Ganitidae Rankin, 1979; Livorniellidae Rankin, 1979; Mancohedylidae Rankin, 1979; Microhedylidae Odhner, 1937; Pontohedylidae Starobogatov, 1983; Sabulincolidae Rankin, 1979; Unelidae Rankin, 1979;

Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea.^[4]

2005 taxonomy

Microhedylidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).^[3] Ganitidae Rankin, 1979 has been listed as a sole family within Hedylopsoidea.^[3] The type genus of Livorniellidae was Livorniella Rankin, 1979.^[3]

2010 taxonomy

Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010)^[5] is Microhedylidae within the clade Microhedylacea.^[5] Parhedylidae is a synonym of Microhedylidae.^[5] Microhedylidae s.l. may informally include Ganitidae, but inclusion of Ganitidae within Microhedylidae requires further research and higher statistical support.^[5]

Genera

Genera within the Parhedylidae include:

Ganitus Marcus, 1953 - with the only species Ganitus evelinae Marcus, 1953 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae^[5]
Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
- Microhedyle glandulifera (Kowalevsky, 1901)^[5]
- Microhedyle nahantensis (Doe, 1974)^[5]
- Microhedyle odhneri (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955)^[5]
Microhedyle remanei (Er. Marcus, 1953)^[5]
Paraganitus Challis, 1968 - with the only species Paraganitus ellynnae Challis, 1968 - it belongs to Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae^[5]
Paraganitus Challis, 1968
Parhedyle Thiele, 1931
- Parhedyle cryptophthalma (Westheide & Wawra, 1974)^[5]
- Parhedyle tyrtowii (Kowalevsky, 1900)^[5]
- Parhedyle gerlachi (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1959)^[5]
Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972

Genera brought into synonymy

Gastrohedyle Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
Livorniella Rankin, 1979: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
Mancohedyle Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972 (junior objective synontm of Pontohedyle)
Maraunibina Rankin, 1979: synonym of Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972
Parahedyle [sic]: synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931 (misspelling)
Sabulincola Rankin, 1979: synonym of Parhedyle Thiele, 1931
Stellaspina Rankin, 1979: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
Unela Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930

Cladogram

A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 28S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations within the family Microhedylidae:^[6]

Microhedylidae

Microhedyle sp. from St. Vincent

	Ganitus evelinae

	Paraganitus ellynnae

Microhedyle glandulifera

	Parhedyle tyrtowii

	Parhedyle cryptophthalma

Pontohedyle ►

References

^ Rankin J. J. (1979). "A freshwater shell-less mollusc from the Caribbean: structure, biotics, and contribution to a new understanding of the Acochlidioidea". Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions 116: 123 pp.
^ Marine Species Identification Portal : Genus Microhedyle. accessed 3 December 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
^ MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411947 on 2021-06-17
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 124–154. doi:10.1111/j.1096–3642.2009.00544.x.
^ Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 245. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-245.

External links

Media related to Microhedylidae at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Rankin J. J. (1979). "A freshwater shell-less mollusc from the Caribbean: structure, biotics, and contribution to a new understanding of the Acochlidioidea". Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions 116: 123 pp.

[2] Marine Species Identification Portal : Genus Microhedyle. accessed 3 December 2010.

[Bouchet_2005-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.

[WoRMS-4] MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411947 on 2021-06-17

[Schrödl_2010-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 124–154. doi:10.1111/j.1096–3642.2009.00544.x.

[Jörger_2012-6] Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 245. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-245.

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