Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)

Pearl River
Pearl River
	The Pearl River in Hinds County, Mississippi
	Pearl River
Location
Country	United States
States	Mississippi; Louisiana;
Counties	Hinds; Rankin; Copiah; Simpson; Lawrence; Marion; Pearl River; Hancock;
Parishes	Washington; St. Tammany;
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Neshoba County, Mississippi
• coordinates	32°53′56″N 89°00′53″W / 32.89889°N 89.01472°W
• elevation	400 feet (120 m)
Mouth
• location	Lake Borgne
• coordinates	30°10′46″N 89°31′34″W / 30.17944°N 89.52611°W
Length	444 miles (715 km)
Basin size	8,760 square miles (22,700 km2)

The Pearl River is a river in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Louisiana. It forms in Neshoba County, Mississippi from the confluence of Nanih Waiya and Tallahaga creeks,^[1] and has a meander length of 444 miles (715 km).^[2] The lower part of the river forms part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana.

The river watershed contains large areas of bottomland hardwood swamp and cypress swamp, providing habitat for many species of wildlife, including sturgeon and black bears. As recently as 2008, endangered ivory-billed woodpeckers were reportedly sighted here.^[3] The mouth of the river creates important marsh habitat along salinity gradients, which has been the subject of many scientific studies.^[4]^[5] It is considered to be one of the most critical areas of natural habitat remaining in Louisiana.

Mississippi's capital and largest city, Jackson, is located along the upper reaches of the river. Most of the towns along the river, starting with Philadelphia, Mississippi in the north, are within the boundaries of that state.

Tributaries and hydrology

The Yockanookany and Strong rivers are tributaries on the upper section of the river north of Jackson: the Lobutcha, Tuscolameta, and Pelahatchie creeks also feed in as tributaries in this region.^[6] In 1924 the Tuscolameta Creek received 24-mile channelization and Yockanookany River received a 36-mile canal, which was completed in 1928.^[7]

Northeast of Jackson, the Ross Barnett Reservoir was formed by a 1962 dam. Average annual rainfall is about 52 inches in the upper third of the basin, and below Jackson the basin rainfall increases to 64 inches or more, contributing to the greater discharge of the Bogue Chitto as noted below.^[8]

The Bogue Chitto River is a major tributary on the lower section. The Bogue Chitto's mean low-water discharge to the lower river is nearly six times that of the mean low-water discharge of the Pearl River at Jackson, Mississippi, according to a 1936 government report of the Mississippi Planning Commission.^[9] West of Picayune, about 50 miles (80 km) above the mouth, the river forks.^[10]

The East Pearl River empties into Lake Borgne, where the dredged Pearl River Channel meets the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. The discharge flows eastward past Grand Island through St. Joe Pass and into the Mississippi Sound.^[11] The West Pearl River flows into The Rigolets, thence into Lake Borgne.^[12] Both discharges eventually reach the Gulf of Mexico. The Pearl River serves as the 115-mile (185 km) boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana^[2] in its lower reach near the Gulf of Mexico.

Pearl River provides the receiving waters for the Savanna Street Sewage Treatment Plant in Jackson, Mississippi.^[13] which lies about 180 miles (290 km) from the mouth of the river.

Pearl River towns

The following towns (in order, north to south) developed on or near the Pearl River:

Philadelphia, Mississippi
Pearl River, Mississippi - named after the river.
Carthage, Mississippi
Jackson, Mississippi
Flowood, Mississippi
Pearl, Mississippi - named after the river.
Georgetown, Mississippi
Rockport, Mississippi
Monticello, Mississippi
Columbia, Mississippi
Bogalusa, Louisiana
Picayune, Mississippi
Pearlington, Mississippi - named after the river.
Pearl River, Louisiana - named after the river.

Pearl River navigation

The lower river was navigable from Brashear's Stand on the Natchez Trace to the mouth.^[14] For the year 1827 the enrolled and licensed tonnage for Pearl River shipping was 750 tons.^[15] The customhouse at Pearl River which was ten miles inland at the small town of Pearlington, Mississippi was later changed,^[16] but in 1904 the district reported a total of 358 vessels and 19,869 tons.^[17] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has undertaken three significant navigation projects in the Pearl River Basin. In 1880, Congress authorized a 5-foot (1.5 m) navigation channel on the West Pearl River from Jackson to the Rigolets. That project was discontinued in 1922. Beginning in 1910, a channel was dredged from the mouth of the East Pearl River into Lake Borgne, a project which is maintained on an irregular basis. In 1935, the West Pearl River Navigation Project was authorized. It provided for a navigation channel from Bogalusa to the mouth of the West Pearl River. The project includes a canal with three locks. The Corps of Engineers placed the project in "caretaker" status in the 1970s because of a decline in commercial traffic. Maintenance dredging resumed in December 1988.^[18] In the 1950s, underwater concrete sills were constructed to help maintain water levels in the navigation channel. This has prevented Gulf sturgeon and other migratory species from accessing upstream areas. A rock ramp was designed in 2003 to help fish navigate over one of the sills, but was never constructed.^[19] Environmental groups propose further work to mitigate the effects of the navigation project.^[20]

Building dams, canals, levees and water control structures is known to have highly negative effects on wetlands and the ecological services they provide.^[21]^[22] Increasingly, these artificial structures are being removed to allow natural river activities to resume.^[23] The Pascagoula River is one of the few remaining southern rivers with natural water regimes, and is a potential model for restoring the Pearl River floodplain. At the Bogalusa, Louisiana gauge the river was recorded in 1983 and 1987 as delivering nearly 3.5 million metric tons and 2.5 million metric tons of sediment respectively.^[24]

Hurricane effects

Hurricanes are a natural form of disturbance that shapes rivers and watersheds on the Gulf Coast, and has done so for thousands of years.^[25]^[26] As one recent example, Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, caused further natural changes in the Pearl River. Bottom sediments and marsh vegetation—including uprooted cypress and oak trees—blocked the mouth of the West Pearl and other parts of the channel. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries and other agencies removed 27,000 cubic meters (35,000 yd³) of debris.^[27] However, the accumulation of this woody debris is a natural part of floodplain ecosystems in general, and wetlands in particular, and provides vital habitat for species including fish and turtles.^[28] Hence, this use of state funds to remove debris was an expenditure on an activity that is known to have negative impacts upon watersheds and wild species.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Topography & History". Pearl River Basin Development District. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed June 13, 2011
^ Collins, Michael D. (2017). "Video evidence and other information relevant to the conservation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)". Heliyon. 3 (1): e00230. Bibcode:2017Heliy...300230C. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00230. PMC 5282651. PMID 28194452.
^ Taylor, K. L.; Grace, J. B. (1995). "The effects of vertebrate herbivory on plant community structure in the coastal marshes of the Pearl River, Louisiana, USA". Wetlands. 15: 68–73. doi:10.1007/bf03160681. S2CID 43428513.
^ Gough, L. G.; Grace, J. B.; Taylor, K. L. (1994). "The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables". Oikos. 70 (2): 271–9. doi:10.2307/3545638. JSTOR 3545638.
^ Speer, Paul R. et al. (1949). "Low-Flow Characteristics of streams in the Mississippi Embayment to Southern Arkansas, Northern Louisiana and Northeastern Texas." Geological Survey Professional Paper 448-G. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. I-27. Google Books website
^ Dunbar, J.B. and Coulters, F.J. (1988). Geomorphic investigation of the Shoccoe Dam Project Area / (Record no. 14869). Vicksburg, Miss.: Geotechnical Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, p. 51.
^ United States Department of the Interior. Water Resources Division. U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Mobile District. Corps of Engineers. Department of the Army. (1967) Joseph W. Lang. "Geohydrologic Summary of the Pearl River Basin". p. 11.
^ Drainage Basin and Waterways Reports, 1936-1938. Mississippi Planning Commission. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Series 2488 Box 19948. "Report on the Pearl River Drainage Basin". Page.1.
^ "The Pearl River Basin". USGS – The Rivers of Mississippi. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^ "Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments" (PDF). Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2007. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^ "Title 33, Chapter 32, § 1804. Inland and intracoastal waterways of the United States". U.S. Code Collection, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
^ Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant, Risk Management Plan, Executive Summary - 2012. Accessed July 19, 2014
^ Yancey M. Quinn, Jr. "Jackson's Military Road". 41. (November 1979). Journal of Mississippi History. p. 340.
^ The American Annual Register for the years 1827-1829. (1830). New York: E. & G.W. Blunt. p. 593.
^ State of Mississippi. (1844). Laws of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: C.M. Price and S. Rohrer. pp. 371-2 Retrieved 27 January 2016. Google Books website
^ United States. Dept. of Commerce. Bureau of Navigation. (1904). Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p.337
^ "State of Mississippi v. U.S. (1990)". Government Briefs, Office of the Solicitor General, U.S. Dept. of Justice. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
^ "Project #1003 - Fisheries Habitat Restoration in the Pearl River". Gulf of Mexico Foundation. Archived from the original on 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
^ "Comprehensive Habitat Management Plan for the Lake Pontchartrain Basin" (PDF). Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation. 2006-02-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
^ Middleton, B. A. (ed.) (2002). Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance. Wiley, New York.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. 978-0-521-51940-3
^ Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.
^ United States Geological Survey. Suspended-Sediment Database Daily Values of Suspended Sediment and Ancillary Data. Introduction of Sediment Data Histograms. http://co.water.usgs.gov/sediment/images/la1.gif
^ Michener, W. K.; Blood, E. R.; Bildstein, K. L.; Brinson, M. M.; Gardner, L. R. (1997). "Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands". Ecological Applications. 7 (3): 770–801. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0770:cchats]2.0.co;2.
^ Conner, W. H., Day, J. W., Jr., Baumann, R. H., and Randall, J. M. (1989). Influence of hurricanes on coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 1, 45–56.
^ "West Pearl being cleared of debris". New Orleans Times-Picayune. 14 December 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. p. 225-227, Figure 8.14, 8.15, ISBN 978-0-521-51940-3

External links

U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pearl River
Heinrich, P. V., 2005, Contrasting Pleistocene and Holocene Fluvial Systems of the Lower Pearl River, Louisiana and Mississippi, USA. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 41.
Heinrich, P. V., 2006, Pleistocene and Holocene Fluvial Systems of the Lower Pearl River, Mississippi and Louisiana, USA. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. vol. 56, pp. 267–278. (Contains geologic map of Lower Pearl River Valley)
Heinrich, P. V., R. P. McCulloh, and J. Snead, 2007, Bogalusa 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Heinrich, P. V., R. P. McCulloh, and J. Snead, 2004, Gulfport 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

[prbdd-topog-1] "Topography & History". Pearl River Basin Development District. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2006-04-21.

[NHD-2] U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed June 13, 2011

[collins2017-3] Collins, Michael D. (2017). "Video evidence and other information relevant to the conservation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)". Heliyon. 3 (1): e00230. Bibcode:2017Heliy...300230C. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00230. PMC 5282651. PMID 28194452.

[4] Taylor, K. L.; Grace, J. B. (1995). "The effects of vertebrate herbivory on plant community structure in the coastal marshes of the Pearl River, Louisiana, USA". Wetlands. 15: 68–73. doi:10.1007/bf03160681. S2CID 43428513.

[5] Gough, L. G.; Grace, J. B.; Taylor, K. L. (1994). "The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables". Oikos. 70 (2): 271–9. doi:10.2307/3545638. JSTOR 3545638.

[6] Speer, Paul R. et al. (1949). "Low-Flow Characteristics of streams in the Mississippi Embayment to Southern Arkansas, Northern Louisiana and Northeastern Texas." Geological Survey Professional Paper 448-G. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. I-27. Google Books website

[7] Dunbar, J.B. and Coulters, F.J. (1988). Geomorphic investigation of the Shoccoe Dam Project Area / (Record no. 14869). Vicksburg, Miss.: Geotechnical Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, p. 51.

[8] United States Department of the Interior. Water Resources Division. U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Mobile District. Corps of Engineers. Department of the Army. (1967) Joseph W. Lang. "Geohydrologic Summary of the Pearl River Basin". p. 11.

[9] Drainage Basin and Waterways Reports, 1936-1938. Mississippi Planning Commission. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Series 2488 Box 19948. "Report on the Pearl River Drainage Basin". Page.1.

[usgs-10] "The Pearl River Basin". USGS – The Rivers of Mississippi. Retrieved 2006-04-21.

[11] "Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments" (PDF). Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2007. Retrieved 2006-04-21.

[12] "Title 33, Chapter 32, § 1804. Inland and intracoastal waterways of the United States". U.S. Code Collection, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2006-04-24.

[13] Savanna Street Wastewater Treatment Plant, Risk Management Plan, Executive Summary - 2012. Accessed July 19, 2014

[14] Yancey M. Quinn, Jr. "Jackson's Military Road". 41. (November 1979). Journal of Mississippi History. p. 340.

[15] The American Annual Register for the years 1827-1829. (1830). New York: E. & G.W. Blunt. p. 593.

[16] State of Mississippi. (1844). Laws of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: C.M. Price and S. Rohrer. pp. 371-2 Retrieved 27 January 2016. Google Books website

[17] United States. Dept. of Commerce. Bureau of Navigation. (1904). Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p.337

[18] "State of Mississippi v. U.S. (1990)". Government Briefs, Office of the Solicitor General, U.S. Dept. of Justice. Retrieved 2006-04-24.

[19] "Project #1003 - Fisheries Habitat Restoration in the Pearl River". Gulf of Mexico Foundation. Archived from the original on 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2006-04-24.

[20] "Comprehensive Habitat Management Plan for the Lake Pontchartrain Basin" (PDF). Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation. 2006-02-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2006-04-24.

[21] Middleton, B. A. (ed.) (2002). Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance. Wiley, New York.

[22] Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. 978-0-521-51940-3

[23] Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.

[24] United States Geological Survey. Suspended-Sediment Database Daily Values of Suspended Sediment and Ancillary Data. Introduction of Sediment Data Histograms. http://co.water.usgs.gov/sediment/images/la1.gif

[25] Michener, W. K.; Blood, E. R.; Bildstein, K. L.; Brinson, M. M.; Gardner, L. R. (1997). "Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands". Ecological Applications. 7 (3): 770–801. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0770:cchats]2.0.co;2.

[26] Conner, W. H., Day, J. W., Jr., Baumann, R. H., and Randall, J. M. (1989). Influence of hurricanes on coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 1, 45–56.

[27] "West Pearl being cleared of debris". New Orleans Times-Picayune. 14 December 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-24.

[28] Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. p. 225-227, Figure 8.14, 8.15, ISBN 978-0-521-51940-3

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Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)

Tributaries and hydrology

Pearl River towns

Pearl River navigation

Hurricane effects

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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