The genus name of Pestalotiopsis is in honour of Fortunato Pestalozza (died 1878), who was an Italian botanist and doctor who worked in Constantinople and Antalya.[2]
The phylogenetic relationships of genus Pestalotiopsis and allied genera has been calculated from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters in 2002.[3]
The sexual state of Pesalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria, which was introduced by Barr (in 1975) with the type species Pestalosphaeria concentrica. This species was isolated from the grey-brown spots on the living leaves of Rhododendron maximum growing in North Carolina, USA.[4]
Hosts
Some species of Pestalotiopsis are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, Pestalotiopsis spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.[5] In 2013, the first case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora was recorded.[6]
Pestalotiopsis species are known as plant pathogens, common endophytes or saprobes in a variety of hosts and environments. The species of fungi within this genus are normally considered as secondary pathogens that can be responsible for a variety of plant diseases, including cankers, dieback, leaf spots, needle blight, tip blight, grey blight, severe chlorosis, fruit rots and various other post-harvest diseases.[7][8][9]Pestalotiopsis species occur as generalist endophytes in trees of Western Ghats forests of southern India.[10]
In Chile, Pestalotiopsis clavispora and other Pestalotiopsis spp. causes postharvest stem end rot on avocado plants.[11]Pestalotiopsis spp. also cause leaf spot on Japanese persimmon.[12]
19 different Pestalotiopsis species have been found as endophytes from bark and needles of Pinus armandiiFranch. in China.[13] Botella and Diez reported the isolation of a Pestalotiopsis sp. from Pinus halepensisMill. in Spain,[14] and Maharachchikumbura et al. referred to a Pestalotiopsis sp. isolated from a Pinus sp. in China.[15]Pestalotiopsis species have also been isolated as endophytes from pine seeds of Pinus armandii in Yunnan province, China,[16] and several other pine species across Europe and North America.[17] Then in 2020, Pestalotiopsis pini sp. nov., was found as an emerging pathogen on Stone Pine (Pinus pineaL.) and on Pinus pinaster in Portugal.[18]
A new species of Pestalotiopsis from leaf spots on Licuala grandis from Hainan, China was found in 2013.[19]
In 2018, the first report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (Dillenia indica) caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. occurred in India.[21]
In 2021, the first sighting of Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis causing leaf spot on Eurya nitida occurred in China.[22] In the same year, Pestalotiopsis kenyana was found to cause leaf spot disease on Zanthoxylum schinifolium (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.[23]
Uses
Some members of the genus are able to grow on the synthetic polymer polyurethane as the sole carbon source under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, hence show promise as a form of bioremediation for waste reduction.[24]
Some members of the genus are able to produce taxol.[25]
In 2009, Chloropestolide A, an anti-tumor metabolite was found in Pestalotiopsis fici.[26][27]
^Jeewon, R.; Liew, E.C.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of Pestalotiopsis and allied genera inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25 (3): 378–392. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00422-0.
^Sutton, D.A. (1999). "Coelomycetous fungi in human disease. A review: Clinical entities, pathogenesis, identification and therapy". Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 16: 171–179.
^Monden, Y.; Yamamoto, S.; Sunada, A.; Asari, S.; Makimura, K.; Inoue, Y. (2013). "First case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora". Clin. Ophthalmol. 7: 2261–2264.
^Espinoza, J.G.; Briceño, E.X.; Keith, L.M.; Latorre, B.A. (2008). "Canker and twig dieback of blueberry caused by Pestalotiopsis spp. and a Truncatella sp. in Chile". Plant Dis. 92: 1407–1414.
^Lorenzini, M.; Zapparoli, G. (2018). "Identification of Pestalotiopsis bicilita, Diplodia seriata and Diaporthe eres causing fruit rot in withered grapes in Italy". Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 151: 1089–1093.
^Maharachchikumbura, S.; Larignon, P.; Hyde, K.; Al-Sadi, A.; Liu, Z.-Y. (2017). "Characterization of Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in France". Phytopathol. Mediterr. 55: 380–390.
^Reddy, M.S.; Murali, T.S.; Suryanarayanan, T.S.; Rajulu, M.B.G.; Thirunavukkarasu, N. (2016). "Pestalotiopsis species occur as generalist endophytes in trees of Western Ghats forests of southern India". Fungal Ecology. 24: 70‑75. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2016.09.002.
^Yasuda, F.; Kobayashi, T.; Watanabe, H.; Izawa, H. (2003). "Addition of Pestalotiopsis spp. to leaf spot pathogens of Japanese persimmon". J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 69: 29–32. doi:10.1007/s10327-002-0011-1.
^Hu, H.; Jeewon, R.; Zhou, D.; Zhou, T.; Hyde, K.D. (2007). "Phylogenetic diversity of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species in Pinus armandii and Ribes spp.: Evidence from rDNA and β-Tubulin gene phylogenies". Fungal Divers. 24: 1–22.
^Botella, L.; Javier Diez, J. (2011). "Phylogenic diversity of fungal endophytes in Spanish stands of Pinus halepensis". Fungal Divers. 47: 9–18.
^Tibpromma, S.; Mortimer, P.E.; Karunarathna, S.C.; Zhan, F.; Xu, J.; Promputtha, I.; Yan, K. (2019). "Morphology and multi-gene phylogeny reveal Pestalotiopsis pinicola sp. nov. and a new host record of Cladosporium anthropophilum from edible pine (Pinus armandii) seeds in Yunnan province, China". Pathogens. 8: 285.
^Cleary, M.; Oskay, F.; Doğmuş, H.T.; Lehtijärvi, A.; Woodward, S.; Vettraino, A.M. (2019). "Cryptic risks to forest biosecurity associated with the global movement of commercial seed". Forests. 10: 459.
^Russell, Jonathan R.; Huang, Jeffrey; Anand, Pria; Kucera, Kaury; Sandoval, Amanda G.; Dantzler, Kathleen W.; Hickman, Dashawn; Jee, Justin; Kimovec, Farrah M.; Koppstein, David; Marks, Daniel H.; Mittermiller, Paul A.; Núñez, Salvador Joel; Santiago, Marina; Townes, Maria A.; Vishnevetsky, Michael; Williams, Neely E.; Vargas, Mario Percy Núñez; Boulanger, Lori-Ann; Bascom-Slack, Carol; Strobel, Scott A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–6084. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC3165411. PMID21764951.
^Gangadevi V, Murugan M, Muthumary J (2008). "Taxol determination from Pestalotiopsis pauciseta, a fungal endophyte of a medicinal plant". Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 24 (8): 1433–8. doi:10.1016/s1872-2075(08)60065-5. PMID18998547.
^Liu, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, S.C.; Zheng, Z.H.; Chen, X.L.; Zhang, H.; Guo, L.D.; Che, Y.S. (2009). "Chloropestolide A, an antitumor metabolite with an unprecedented spiroketal skeleton from Pestalotiopsis fici". Organic Letters. 11 (13): 2836–2839. doi:10.1021/ol901039m.
^Wang, B.; Zhang, Z.W.; Guo, L.D.; Liu, L. (2016). "New cytotoxic meroterpenoids from the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 99 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1002/hlca.201500197.
^Zhang, Shu; Wang, Xiu-Na; Zhang, Xiao-Ling; Liu, Xing-Zhong; Zhang, Yong-Jie (2017). "Complete mitochondrial genome of the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici: features and evolution". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 101: 1593–1604.
Other sources
Song Y, Geng K, Zhang B, Hyde KD, Zhao WS, Wei JG, Kang JC, Wang Y (2013) Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China. Phytotaxa 126(1): 22–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2