Peter Salem

Peter Salem
Peter Salem
Born	October 1, 1750; Framingham, Massachusetts, British America
Died	August 16, 1816 (aged 65); Framingham, Massachusetts, U.S.
Buried	Framingham Old Burying Ground 42°18′10″N 71°26′17″W / 42.3028°N 71.4380°W
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	Continental Army
Years of service	1775–1780
Rank	Private
Battles/wars	Battle of Lexington; Battle of Bunker Hill; Battle of Saratoga; Battle of Stony Point;
Spouse(s)	Katy Benson (1783–1816)

Peter Salem (October 1, 1750 – August 16, 1816)^[1] was an African-American from Massachusetts who served as a U.S. soldier in the American Revolutionary War. Born into slavery in Framingham, he was freed by a later master, Major Lawson Buckminster, to serve in the local militia. He then enlisted in the Continental Army, serving for nearly five years during the war. Afterwards, he married and worked as a cane weaver. A monument was erected to him in the late 19th century at his grave in Framingham.

Early life

Peter Salem was born on October 1, 1750, to an enslaved mother in Framingham, Province of Massachusetts Bay.^[2]^[3] His enslaver was Jeremiah Belknap,^[4] who later sold him to Major Lawson Buckminster.^[4] When Buckminster became a major in the Continental Army, he emancipated Salem in 1775 so he could enlist in the Massachusetts militia in what soon became the Revolutionary War.^[5]^[6]

Salem's last name may have been given to him by his original enslaver Belknap, who may have chosen the name after Salem, Massachusetts, where he once lived.^[5] His last name may also be derived from the Arabic word "salaam", meaning peace.^[7]

Military service

Salem took part in the war's first battles at Concord on April 19, 1775. He is on the roll of Captain Simon Edgell's militia company from Framingham as having served four days from April 19, 1775.^[8] On April 24, he enlisted in Captain Drury's company of Colonel John Nixon's 6th Massachusetts Regiment.^[9]

Battle of Bunker Hill

Salem, another hero of this event, fought with his company in the Battle of Bunker Hill. According to Samuel Swett, who chronicled the battle, Salem had mortally wounded Royal Marines officer John Pitcairn who died from a musket shot.^[10] This has been disputed.^[5]^[11] About a dozen other free African Americans took part in the battle, including Phillip Abbot of Andover Mass †,^[12] Barzillai Lew, Salem Poor, Titus Coburn,^[13] Alexander Ames, Cato Howe, and Seymour Burr.

Salem reenlisted for another year in the 4th Continental Regiment on January 1, 1776. When that enlistment expired, he signed up for three years in the 6th Massachusetts Regiment of Colonel Thomas Nixon, a brother of Colonel John Nixon. He was honorably discharged on December 31, 1779, having served a total of four years and eight months.^[14]

Salem apparently extended his enlistment for two months and served with Captain Claye's Company of Colonel Nixon's Regiment from January 1 to March 1, 1780.^[14]

Salem fought at the battles of Saratoga and Stony Point.^[11]^[15]

Later life and death

Salem spent the rest of his life living peacefully. He married Katy Benson in Salem, Massachusetts in September 1783,^[9] and he later built a cabin near Leicester, where he worked as a cane weaver.^[1]

Peter Salem died on August 16, 1816, aged 65.^[1] He was buried in the Old Burying Ground in Framingham, and the town spent $150 to erect a monument in his memory in 1882.^[9]

Media portrayals

At one time Salem was thought to have been depicted in John Trumbull's painting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775. Modern authorities differ. David Barton^[16] identifies Salem standing to Thomas Grosvenor's right. Professor David Brion Davis, citing evidence from Professor Sidney Kaplan,^[11] states that the African American to Thomas Grosvenor's right "was Peter Salem".

Peter Salem is one of the supporting characters in the 2015 television miniseries Sons of Liberty. He is played by British actor Jimmy Akingbola.^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c BlackPast.org "Salem, Peter"
^ Smithsonian NMAAHC
^ Celebrate Boston "Peter Salem"
^ ^a ^b American National Biography "Salem, Peter"
^ ^a ^b ^c "Salem, Peter". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 March 2017. The identification of the black soldier in Trumbull's painting has since been widely disputed, and other African Americans in the colonial forces have been proposed as models for the figure.
^ Barry, William (1847). A History of Framingham, Massachusetts: Including the Plantation, from 1640 to the Present Time, with an Appendix, Containing a Notice of Sudbury and Its First Proprietors; Also, a Register of the Inhabitants of Framingham Before 1800, with Genealogical Sketches. Framingham, Massachusetts: J. Monroe and Company. p. 160. Retrieved 2013-08-13. Peter Salem.
^ "African Muslims in Early America". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
^ History of Framingham, p. 278.
^ ^a ^b ^c Quintal, George (2004). Patriots of Color: A Peculiar Beauty and Merit, African Americans and Native Americans at Battle Road and Bunker Hill. Boston, MA: Division of Cultural Resources, Boston National Historical Park. pp. 190–196. ISBN 0160749808. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ "MOAA - Rising Through the Ranks". www.voicesfortroops.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c Davis, David Brion (May 18, 1989). "It Wasn't Peter Salem". The New York Review of Books (Letter to the Editor). Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ Vital records of Andover Mass p,573
^ Died May 5,1821 age 81 Andover Mass Vital record .p.573
^ ^a ^b Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. Vol. 13, pp. 743–744.
^ Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989 revised edition.
^ David Barton,Setting the Record Straight: American History in Black & White, WallBuilder Press; 1st edition (September 1, 2004), p.5
^ IMDb "Sons of Liberty: The Uprising"

Sources

"Peter Salem", Celebrate Boston website, article about role in Battle of Bunker Hill
"Peter Salem", African American Registry
Identifying the Soldier Named “Salem”, Boston 1775 blog