Philogangoidea

Philogangoidea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Suborder: Zygoptera
Superfamily: Philogangoidea
Kennedy, 1920[1]
Families[2]
Map showing distribution of Philogangoidea in Asia
Distribution of Philogangoidea

Philogangoidea is a superfamily of damselflies found in South and Southeast Asia. It comprises the families Philogangidae and Philosinidae, together containing three genera and 17 recognised species.[3][2]

Members of the superfamily are medium-sized to large damselflies associated mainly with shaded forest streams. They generally have dark bodies with contrasting coloured markings and hold their wings open when at rest.[4]

Taxonomic history

Philogangidae and Philosinidae were formerly placed within broader groupings such as Amphipterygidae, Megapodagrionidae and Calopterygoidea. Morphological and molecular studies later showed that both families represent distinct lineages.[4][5][6]

In 2026, Carter and colleagues recognised Philogangidae and Philosinidae together as the superfamily Philogangoidea, following phylogenomic studies of damselfly relationships.[3]

Phylogeny

Zygoptera

Relationships among living damselfly superfamilies, based on Carter et al. (2026).[3]

Families

The following families are placed in Philogangoidea:[3][2]

Etymology

The superfamily name Philogangoidea is derived from the type genus Philoganga, with the standard zoological suffix -oidea used for animal families.

The genus name Philoganga is probably derived from the Greek φίλος (philos, "loving", "fond of" or "friend") and Ganga, the Sanskrit name of the river goddess Gaṅgā and the Ganges River. Kirby did not explain the derivation, but the type species was described from the Himalayas and the genus is restricted to South and Southeast Asia.[7][8][9]

References

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Wikispecies has information related to Philogangoidea.
  1. ^ Kennedy, C.H. (1920). "The phylogeny of the zygopterous dragonflies as based on the evidence of the penes". Ohio Journal of Science. 21 (1): 19–29 [22] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  2. ^ a b c Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral. University of Alabama. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  3. ^ a b c d Carter, Payton; Goodman, Aaron; Abbott, John; Bota Sierra, Cornelio; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Fomekong Lontchi, Judicael; Frandsen, Paul B.; Gonzalez Mozo, Laura; Guralnick, Rob; Hämäläinen, Matti; Joshi, Shantanu; Kohli, Manpreet K.; Lupiyaningdyah, Pungki; Montana, Katherine O.; Newton, Lacie; Onsongo, Violet; Orr, Albert G.; Pinto, Ângelo Parise; Sanchez-Herrera, Melissa; Sutherland, Laura N.; Theischinger, Gunther; Ware, Jessica L.; Zhang, Haomiao; Kalkman, Vincent J. (2026). "The classification and diversity of extant dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)". International Journal of Odonatology. 29: 95–124. doi:10.48156/1388.2026.1917385.
  4. ^ a b Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Dow, Rory A.; Stokvis, Frank R.; Van Tol, Jan (2014). "Redefining the damselfly families: A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata)". Systematic Entomology. 39 (1): 68–96. doi:10.1111/syen.12035.
  5. ^ Rehn, Allan C. (2003). "Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships of Odonata". Systematic Entomology. 28 (2): 181–239. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00210.x.
  6. ^ Bybee, S.M.; Ogden, T.H.; Branham, M.A.; Whiting, M.F. (2008). "Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing". Cladistics. 24 (4): 477–514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00191.x. PMID 34879634.
  7. ^ Kirby, W.F. (1890). A Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata, or Dragonflies. With an Appendix of fossil species. London: Gurney & Jackson. pp. 202 [111]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5534.
  8. ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1954). Composition of Scientific Words: A Manual of Methods and a Lexicon of Materials for the Practice of Logotechnics. [Washington].
  9. ^ Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890). The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Containing Appendices on Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary & Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India. Poona: Shiralkar & Co.

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