Puabi (Akkadian: 𒅤𒀜 pu3-AD or Pu-abi "Word of my father"), also called Shubad or Shudi-Ad due to a misinterpretation by Sir Charles Leonard Woolley, was an important woman in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First Dynasty of Ur (c. 2600 BCE).[4] Commonly labeled as a "queen", her status is somewhat in dispute, although several cylinder seals in her tomb, labeled grave PG 800 at the Royal Cemetery at Ur,[5] identify her by the title "nin" or "eresh", a Sumerian word denoting a queen or a priestess. Puabi's seal does not place her in relation to any king or husband, possibly indicating that she ruled in her own right.[6] It has been suggested that she was the second wife of king Meskalamdug.[5] Although little is known about Puabi's life, the discovery of Puabi's tomb and its death pit reveals important information as well as raises questions about Mesopotamian society and culture.[7]
Tomb of Puabi
BritisharchaeologistLeonard Woolley[8] discovered the tomb of Puabi, which was excavated between 1922 and 1934 by a joint team sponsored by the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. The Woolley team included his wife and fellow archaeologist, Katharine, who drew the detailed diagrams of the site. Puabi's tomb was found along with approximately 1,800 other graves at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. Puabi's tomb was clearly unique among the other excavations, not only because of the large number of high-quality and well-preserved grave goods, but also because her tomb had been untouched by looters through the millennia.
Objects in the tomb
The number of grave goods that Woolley uncovered in Puabi's tomb was staggering. They included a heavy, golden headdress made of golden leaves, rings and plates; a superb lyre (see Lyres of Ur) complete with a golden and lapis lazuli-encrusted bearded bull's head; a profusion of gold tableware; golden, carnelian, and lapis lazuli cylindrical beads used in extravagant necklaces and belts; a chariot adorned with lioness heads in silver, and an abundance of silver, lapis lazuli, and golden rings and bracelets, as well as her headdress, a belt made of gold rings, carnelian and lapis beads, and other various rings and earrings. Puabi's headdress drew inspiration from nature in its floral motifs and is made up of gold ribbons and leaves, lapis and carnelian beads, and gold flowers.[9]
The "Death Pit"
A number of "death pits" were also found outside of the chambers as well as above Puabi's chamber, raising questions about the initial attribution of the death pits to Puabi specifically.[10] The largest and most well-known death pit held 74 attendants, 6 men, and 68 women, all adorned with various gold, silver, and lapis decoration, and one woman who appeared to be more elaborately adorned than the others.[11] She was buried with 52 attendants: servants, guards, lions, a horse, a chariot, and several other bodies—retainers who were suspected by excavator Leonard Woolley to have poisoned themselves (or to have been poisoned by others) to serve their mistress in the next world. In Puabi's chamber, the remains of three other women were found, and these personal servants had minor adornments of their own. The pit found above Puabi's chamber contained 21 attendants, an elaborate harp or lyre, a chariot, and what was left of a large chest of personal grooming items. Due to the location of the pits and general lack of evidence, it is largely unclear whether the death pits may be directly linked to Puabi.[10]
Theories of cause of death
Evidence derived from CAT scans through the University of Pennsylvania Museum suggests that some of the sacrifices were likely violent and caused by blunt force trauma. A pointed, weighted tool could explain the shatter patterns on the skulls that resulted in death, while a small hammer-like tool was also found, retrieved, and catalogued by Woolley during his original excavation. The size and weight of the tool fit the damage sustained by the two bodies examined by Aubrey Baadsgaard, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania. Cinnabar, or mercury vapour residue, was observed as well, and it would have been used to prevent or slow the decomposition of the bodies until the completion of the necessary funerary rites.[12]
Remains
Puabi's physical remains, including pieces of the badly damaged skull, are kept in the Natural History Museum, London.[13] The excavated finds from Woolley's expedition were divided among the British Museum in London, the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Museum in Baghdad. Several pieces of the treasure were looted from the National Museum in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War in 2003.[14] Several of the more spectacular pieces from Puabi's grave were featured in a highly successful Art and History Museum tour through the United Kingdom and the United States.
Queen Puabi's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery
Inlay with two standing goats, Ur, Tomb PG 800
Silver lioness head finial for the arm of a chair with shell and lapis lazuli inset eyes, recovered from the royal cemetery of Ur 2550–2450 BCE, from the death pit at the entrance Puabi's chamber[20]
Sumerian fluted goblet from the tomb of Queen Puabi, Electrum, 2500 BCE
Lapis lazuli cylinder seal recovered from tomb PG 800, inscription U-bara-ge[21]
Young attendant from Puabi's death pit, wearing gold headdress and jewelry of gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and shell
^Baadsgaard, A., Monge, J., Cox, S., & Zettler, R. L. (2012). Bludgeoned, Burned, and Beautified: Reevaluating Mortuary Practices in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Sacred killing: the archaeology of sacrifice in the ancient Near East (pp. 125-158). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
^Pr, Univ Of Pennsylvania; Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN978-0-924171-54-3.
Sources
"Shub-Ad of Ur". Dinner party Database. Brooklyn Museum. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
Miss Universe 1957Tanggal19 Juli 1957Tempat Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, ASPembawa acaraBob RussellPeserta32Finalis/Semifinalis15DebutMaroko, Martinik, Paraguay, Republik DominikaTidak tampilAmerika Serikat, Australia, Belanda, Chili, Finlandia, Guyana, Republik DominikaPemenangGladys Zender PeruPersahabatanMapita Mercado Cordero Puerto RikoPhotogenicGerti Daub JermanPenghargaan khususPhotogenic← 19561958 →lbs Miss Universe 1957 adal…
Kompleks Supergugus Cetus-Pises atau Filamen Cetus-Pises adalah filamen galaksi atau kompleks supergugus galaksi yang terletak di Cetus-Pises dan berjarak sekitar 800 juta tahun cahaya. Supergugus adalah struktur yang sangat besar yang bersama-sama membentang melintasi ruang angkasa selama 1 miliar tahun cahaya (300 Mpc) (dan 50 derajat langit). Struktur ini berdekatan dengan Filamen Perseus-Pegasus.[1][2] Astronom R. Brent Tully dari Institut Astronomi Universitas Hawaii mengide…
Sebuah Ohm-meter Ohmmeter merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur hambatan listrik di rangkaian tertutup atau daya untuk menahan mengalirnya arus listrik di sebuah konduktor.[1] Ohmmeter juga dapat diartikan sebagai alat untuk mengukur resistansi.[2] Alat ukur khusus untuk mengukur tahahan/hambatan listrik yang merupakan daya untuk menahan aliran arus listrik dalam konduktor pada rangkaian listrik disebut Ohmmeter. Ohmmeter menggunakan Galvometer untuk mengukur besarnya arus…
Mikel González González berlatih dengan Real SociedadInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Mikel González MartÃnezTanggal lahir 24 September 1985 (umur 38)Tempat lahir Mondragón, SpanyolTinggi 1,88 m (6 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain Bek tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini Real SociedadNomor 3Karier junior Real SociedadKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2004–2006 Real Sociedad B 55 (0)2005– Real Sociedad 178 (2) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik…
Chunky PandeyChunky Pandey at the success party of the film The Forest, 2012Lahir26 September 1962 (umur 61)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaPekerjaanPemeran, modelSuami/istriBhavna Pandey Suyash 'Chunky' Pandey (lahir 26 September 1962)[1] adalah seorang pemeran film India yang berkarya dalam perfilman Bollywood.[2][3] Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 80 film dalam karier selama lebih dari tiga dekade. Referensi ^ Chunky Pandey's Star-Studded Birthday Bash: SRK, Gauri, Malaika a…
Iranian conservative activist Mohammad-Mehdi AbdekhodaeiBornc. 1936 or 1937 (age 87–88)[1]NationalityIranianPolitical partyFada'iyan-e IslamParentGholam Hossein Tabrizi (father) Mohammad-Mehdi Abdekhodaei (Persian: Ù…Øمدمهدی عبدخدایی) is an Iranian conservative activist. Son of Sheikh Gholamhosein Mojtahed-e Tabrizi,[2] he had a lower-middle-class bazaari background and was a minor attendant in a small hardware store. On 13 February 1952, when he…
Wisata Arung Jeram Banten Logo Arung Jeram Sungai Ciberang Kp. Muhara, Desa Ciladaeun, Lebak Gedong, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten 42372, Google Maps Informasi Lokasi Desa Ciladaeun, Lebak Gedong, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten Negara Indonesia Koordinat 6°36′13″S 106°24′34″E / 6.603551°S 106.409369°E / -6.603551; 106.409369Koordinat: 6°36′13″S 106°24′34″E / 6.603551°S 106.409369°E / -6.603551; 106.409369 Pengelola Banten Rafting C…
George ChesebroChesebro pada 1919LahirGeorge Newell Chesebro(1888-07-29)29 Juli 1888Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amerka SerikatMeninggal28 Mei 1959(1959-05-28) (umur 70)Los Angeles, California, Amerika SerikatTahun aktif1915–1954 George Chesebro (29 Juli 1888 – 28 Mei 1959) adalah seorang pemeran film Amerika Serikat.[1] Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 400 film antara 1915 dan 1954. Ia lahir di Minneapolis, Minnesota dan meninggal di Los Angeles, California. Sebagian fi…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sungai yang berada di Kalimantan Tengah. Untuk sungai yang berada di Kalimantan Barat, lihat Sungai Kapuas. Bagian hilir Sungai Kapuas yang juga disebut Sungai Kapuas Murung Muara sungai Kapuas Murung dan sekitarnya Sungai Kapuas (bagian hilirnya disebut Sungai Kapuas Murung[1]) adalah sungai yang terletak di Kabupaten Kapuas, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Sungai ini memanjang dari Desa Tumbang Bukoi, Kecamatan Mandau Talawang sampai Desa Batanjung, Kecam…
An Inlet of Muddy WaterChikage Awashima dan So Yamamura di film An Inlet of Muddy Water (1953)SutradaraTadashi ImaiDitulis olehToshiro IdeYoko MizukiBerdasarkanshort storiesoleh Ichiyo HiguchiPemeranKen MitsudaSinematograferShunichiro NakaoTanggal rilis 23 November 1953 (1953-11-23) Durasi130 menitNegaraJepangBahasaBahasa Jepang An Inlet of Muddy Water (Jepang: Nigorie) merupakan film drama Jepang tahun 1953 yang disutradarai oleh Tadashi Imai. Film ini masuk dalam nominasi Festival Fil…
Alkmaion membunuh ibundanya, Erifili Dalam mitologi Yunani, Alkmaion (dalam bahasa Yunani Kuno Ἀλκμαίων / AlkmaÃôn) merupakan putra Amfiaraos dan Erifili, seorang peramal.[1] Ia menikahi nimfa Kalliroe yang memiliki seorang putra bernama Akarnan. Ia membunuh ibundanya untuk membalas dendam atas kematian ayahandanya.[2] Ia memiliki seorang putra bernama Amphilokhos[3] Catatan ^ Lucien de Samosate 2015, hlm. 767 ^ (Brisson 2008, hlm. 2126) ^ Lucien de S…
Dammatain Dammatain (Arab: تنوين ضمcode: ar is deprecated ) adalah tanda baca/diakritik/harakat pada tulisan Arab untuk menyatakan bahwa huruf pada akhir kata tersebut diucapkan dammah namun layaknya bertemu dengan huruf nun mati.[1] Cara penulisan Cara penulisan fathatain adalah sebagai berikut:[1] Bahwa tanda tanwin baik dummatain, kasratain maupun fathatain selalu berada pada huruf terakhir dari sebuah kata Huruf yang berharakat fathatain harus diikuti/ditambah dengan h…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento edizioni di competizioni calcistiche non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Serie C2 1983-1984 Competizione Serie C2 Sport Calcio Edizione 6ª Organizzatore Lega Nazionale Serie C Date dal 18 settembre 1983al 3 giugno 1984 Luogo Italia Partecipanti 72 Form…
Bendungan-bendungan tertinggi di Tiongkok adalah beberapa bendungan tertinggi di dunia. Sekitar 22,000 bendungan yang memiliki tinggi lebih dari 15 meter (49 ft) – sekitar setelah dari total seluruh dunia – dibangun di Tiongkok sejak 1950an. Beberapa bendungan tertinggi terletak di bagian barat daya negara tersebut (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) di sungai-sungai seperti Mekong, Yangtze, dan aliran hulunya (Sungai Jinsha) dan anak-anak sungainya (Yalong, Dadu, Min dan Wu). Sungai Kuning di b…
County in Nevada, United States County in NevadaElko CountyCountyElko County Courthouse in Elko FlagLocation within the U.S. state of NevadaNevada's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 41°08′N 115°21′W / 41.13°N 115.35°W / 41.13; -115.35Country United StatesState NevadaFounded1869; 155 years ago (1869)Named forElkoSeatElkoLargest cityElkoArea • Total17,203 sq mi (44,560 km2) • Land17,170 sq…
Untuk Semen Padang sebagai klub sepak bola, lihat Semen Padang FC. PT Semen PadangKantor pusat di IndarungJenisPerseroan terbatasIndustriSemenDidirikan18 Maret 1910; 114 tahun lalu (1910-03-18)PendiriCarl Christophus Lau[1]KantorpusatPadang, IndonesiaWilayah operasiIndonesiaTokohkunciIndrieffouny Indra[2](Direktur Utama)Mohammad Agus Samsudin[3](Komisaris Utama)ProdukSemenJasaPengujian beton, mortar, dan bahan bangunanPerancangan campuran betonPendapatanRp 6,811 tril…
Green Bay Packers players The Green Bay Packers lining up against the Seattle Seahawks. Key A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z See also References The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football franchise based in Green Bay, Wisconsin.[1] They are currently members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL), and are the third-oldes…
Not to be confused with Gadera. Local council in IsraelGedera גְּדֵרָהLocal councilHebrew transcription(s) • ISO 259Gdera • Also spelledGdera, Gederah (unofficial)View of Gedera from Tel QatraGederaShow map of Central IsraelGederaShow map of IsraelCoordinates: 31°48′43″N 34°46′38″E / 31.81194°N 34.77722°E / 31.81194; 34.77722Country IsraelDistrictCentralFounded1884; 140 years ago (1884)Governme…