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Pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is a type of conidioma, or asexual reproductive structure, found in many fungi, especially ascomycetes. It is typically globose...

with an opening at the apex (pycnidia). Four form-families can be distinguished. Sphaeropsidaceae are fungi with pycnidia dark colored, leathery to carbonous...

Europe and North Asia. It is characterised by its whitish or cream-coloured pycnidia with long and ostiolar necks. The lichen was formally described as new...

leaves of their hosts, producing filiform or cylindrical conidia inside pycnidia embedded in the leaves. Economically important species cause diseases on...

Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka. The species is characterized by its unique pycnidia and absence of ascomata. Megalotremis cylindrica was described in 2016...

primary forests of Brazil with its bluish-grey thallus and bright orange pycnidia that have a fluffy hyphal surface. Neosergipea septoconidiata was first...

Infection begins with the germination of asexual conidia, borne from pycnidia, on susceptible tissue, the mycelia gradually move inwards down the branch...

including having six-spored reproductive structures (asci) and semi-immersed pycnidia with colourless spores. The fungus produces black, sometimes greenish-dusted...

hair-like cilia along their edges. Both apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) also occur along the edges of the lobes. The...

fruiting bodies called Pycnidia, which can be round or pyriform and 70-100 μm in diameter. Other characteristics of their pycnidia are that they possess...

described by Friedrich Tobler in 1913, was proposed to be a fungus with waxy pycnidia and hyaline conidia lacking septa. It was, however, a little-known taxon...

acervuli, pycnidia, sporodochia, synnemata and corenima. Acervuli is one of the two major groups of conidiomata (the other being pycnidia). Conidiomata...

Enchylium conglomeratum exhibits lecanorine apothecia and immersed, globose pycnidia, indicative of both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite...

described as new to science in 2011. It is characterized by its unique beaked pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) that are predominantly developed along the margins...

It is a widespread fungus that produces small, dark fruiting bodies (pycnidia) and is found in a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats worldwide...

black, speck-like fruiting bodies called pycnidia embedded within the tissue. Not all spots will contain pycnidia, but some may contain up to eight or more...

one, also known as the alternate or sexual host, and the mycelium forms pycnidia, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded...

the host bark, which exposes the pycnidia below. These pegs also produce pycnidia that are smaller than the pycnidia in the stroma. While different in...

all living cells are then killed. Septoria, which is an ascomycete and pycnidia producing fungus, has been well known to attack Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae...

diameter. Although it lacks apothecia (fruiting bodies), it produces numerous pycnidia (asexual fruiting structures) that make conidia (asexual spores) that have...

tissue. The fruiting structures are spherical with an opening at the apex (pycnidia) or are disc-shaped (acervuli). The formation of conidia in a fruiting...

survives in the absence of a suitable host as pycnidia. Raindrops cause conidia to be expelled from ripe pycnidia and these may splash onto nearby powdery...

to the genus Cladonia in 1787. The lichen has apothecia and bright red pycnidia atop of yellowish to grey-green podetia that are 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) high...

characterised by its pale olive-grey crusty thallus and numerous conspicuous dark pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) that protrude from the surface and are dusted...

are hyaline, simple, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 5–10 × 1–2.5 μm. Pycnidia are also common (orange to brown and immersed), producing straight, rod-shaped...

flowered. Brown discolorations can be seen with small black dots, the pycnidia, where the spores are formed. The disease severely impacts the fiber quality...

2025. The genus is marked by unusually large asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) and by macroconidia that bear a single, long, whip-like gelatinous appendage...

Latin amphora ("urn") and ella- (a diminutive suffix), refers to the small pycnidia (measuring 0.2 by 0.2 mm), that are shaped like urns. The lichen is only...

Reproductively, E. polycarpon produces abundant lecanorine apothecia and immersed pycnidia, indicating both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite its...

is black, wrinkled and has some browning toward the lobe margins. The pycnidia are black and abundant, and their presence creates a pepper-like effect...

structures known as pycnidia. These structures develop individually, with only the uppermost portion becoming exposed at maturity. The pycnidia are nearly spherical...

bundled together in powdery clumps called soredia. It lacks apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures found in many other lichens. Chrysothrix...

Diplodia Pycnidia of Diplodia hederae growing on a potato dextrose agar plate Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes...

from pycnidia, and are dispersed by rainsplash to infect leaves. Infections lead to leaf spots which eventually develop into lesions. Black pycnidia can...

During the early stages of the formation of tarspots on maize leaves, pycnidia (asexual fruiting body) of the anamorph (asexual reproductive stage) of...

9 in) broad. Although it does not produce apothecia (fruiting bodies), pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are common; these structures produce conidia...

contain pycnidia in the center which aid when trying to identify the pathogen. Pycnidia can be found in the center of the said lesions. Pycnidia are fruiting...

and Cáceres named the species pycnidiata, referring to the distinctive pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) of the lichen. This species belongs to...

The disc is either cinnamon-brown or dark brown and is ellipsoided. The pycnidia are immersed, and the conidia are bifusiform, with eight-spored asci that...

thallus that results from an aggregation of pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). These abundant, tiny pycnidia occur both superficially on the thallus surface...

locations. Characteristics of Leptogium patwardhanii include the numerous pycnidia that give the thallus a warty appearance, and the wrinkled upper and lower...

brown center. The center of the lesion will drop out over time. Visible pycnidia can be seen in older lesions. A common consequence of infection is reduced...

two types of fruiting bodies will form: pycnidia, usually first, and perithecia. Following rainfall, the pycnidia ooze orange tendrils of conidia, the asexual...

The species epithet doliiformis refers to its doliiform (barrel-shaped) pycnidia. This feature, along with its hyaline, single-celled conidia (measuring...

characterized by necrotic blotches on the foliage. These blotches contain asexual (pycnidia) and sexual (pseudothecia) fructifications. Asexual state (anamorph, asexual...

spaces (lumina), and lack a gelatinous sheath or surface ornamentation. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The thallus gives a reddish...

Pycnidia and sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina on mung bean. Source: Photchana Trakunsukharat, Department of Agriculture, Thailand....

dark brown spots on the leaves and fruit. Within the spots, conidia or pycnidia can be found. Banana freckle is easily propagated and spread from plant...

Macrophomina Black microsclerotia and orange pycnidia of Macrophomina phaseolina infecting Pinus elliottii Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division:...

colourless, muriform (multi-chambered) ascospores. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) produce simple, rod-shaped conidia. No secondary metabolites are known...

mostly rounded internal cavities. Pyrenula aurantiacorubra does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the pigment reacts with potassium...

shiny cortex and sterile pycnidia that appear as irregularly shaped black spots and regularly shaped transverse bands. Pycnidia in Vermilacinia nylanderi...

conidia with a glassy appearance, and forming inside structures called pycnidia. However the results of DNA analysis were considered to justify the definition...

surface indentation) that twist into long spirals. Soralia, apothecia, and pycnidia are absent. Bryoria hengduanensis contains usnic and fumarprotocetraric...

begin to show symptoms within 7–12 days. Black specks (Perithecia and Pycnidia) on cankers Round-ended, cylindrical, monoseptate and hyaline conidia Conidia...

recognized by numerous dark brown to black, cup-shaped asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) coated in a thick, granular, white, frost-like powder. It is a strongly...

conidia in minute flask- or saucer-shaped conidiomata, known technically as pycnidia and acervuli. The Hyphomycetes were those species where the conidiophores...

crustose genera in a constellation of characters: readily visible black pycnidia, Lecanora-type asci, single-celled ellipsoid ascospores and the consistent...

cucurbits. Morphological features of Phoma cucurbitacearum include numerous pycnidia, lack of septate conidia, and sparse ariel mycelium. The fungus can be...

to refer to these morphological types. 0-Pycniospores (Spermatia) from Pycnidia. These serve mainly as haploid gametes in heterothallic rusts. I-Aeciospores...

distinguished by pycnoascocarps, in which ascocarps develop from ascogonia beneath pycnidia. The species has a scattered distribution across tropical regions, having...

park's montane rainforest. It is distinguished by its conspicuous dark pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) with white frost-like coating and its simple...

circular thalli, the presence of perithecia, and scattered or clustered pycnidia. The lichen was formally described as a new species by Marley Ford, Dan...

olive-green substrate mycelium and pycnidia. P. cucurbitacearum produces sparse serial mycelium and many pycnidia are present. Young leaves and cotelydons...

diagnosed by the presence of small black pycnidia which occur on the edge of the leaf lesions. The presence of these pycnidia allow for this disease to be distinguished...

brown to almost black exciple (the rim of tissue around the hymenium), pycnidia of the Staurothele-type, and a pachydermatous upper cortex. Wijayawardene...

ostioles (pore openings) of the flask-shaped asexual structures (pycnidia). Pycnidia measure up to 0.1 mm in diameter and release rod-shaped conidia (asexual...

spindle-shaped or nearly cylindrical with transverse septa. Conidiomata, or pycnidia, are immersed within the thallus and can be located on the margins or lamina...

remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit. Frogeye leaf spot In leaves...

trentepohlioid–a type of green algae. Reproductive structures such as ascomata and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. Aptroot, André; Feuerstein, Shirley...

(lumina), with rounded ends and no gelatinous sheath or ornamentation. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. Chemical spot tests were negative...

observed, but the species produces lateral pycnidia roughly 60 μm wide, each with a dark green ostiole. These pycnidia release conidia (asexual spores) measuring...

The ascospores are irregularly biseriate, measuring 6.0–8.5 by 2.5–3 μm. Pycnidia were not found in this lichen. "Coenogonium atherospermatis Kantvilas,...

narrowly ellipsoid in shape, ranging from 9.5–13 by 3.5–4.0 μm in size. Pycnidia, the asexual fruiting structures, are sparse and can be spotted as orange...

ellipsoid in outline. Asexual reproduction occurs in scattered, sunken pycnidia; these flask-shaped cavities release minute conidia that are faintly dumbbell...

structures, the pycnidia, which appear as small, black dots on the thallus. These structures often dominate thalli, which may produce only pycnidia. The spores...

Phomopsis longicolla Phomopsis longicolla pycnidia on soybean seed Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes...

types of conidiomata, distinguished by their form, are:[citation needed] pycnidia (singular: pycnidium), which are flask-shaped, and acervuli (singular:...

research was the morphology of pycnoconidia (asexual spores produced in pycnidia). His detailed investigations showed their value for the classification...

podetium may be branched, and sometimes cup-like. It usually bears the pycnidia or apothecia or both. Smith, Annie Lorrain (1975) [1921]. Lichens. Cambridge...

roughly spherical to elliptical in shape, measuring 4.5–5.5 by 7–9 μm. Pycnidia are common in this lichen; they are immersed in the surface of the thallus...

naturally. The asexual spores (conidia) occur in pycnidia from conidiogenous cells, without conidiophores. Pycnidia are dark brown to black, circular, immersed...

a small hole at the top called perithecia (singular: perithecium), and pycnidia (singular: pycnidium), shaped like perithecia but without asci (an ascus...

septum, and typically measure around 11.5 × 4.5 μm. Minute flask-shaped pycnidia immersed in the thallus release narrowly ellipsoid to oblong conidia 2–3...

black with dark rhizines measuring 0.5–0.9 mm long. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia are apparent on the fossil. A single isidium is present, with a length...

single row) and biseriate (lined up in two rows) ascospores in the asci, pycnidia that are superficial on the surface of the squamules (laminal), and mixed-type...

(14–)15–17-septate, measuring 60–72 × 10–13 μm. Asexual structures are present: pycnidia are flattened, black, oval to drop-shaped (about 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm)...

species in genus Asterothyrium known to have up to 15-septate spores. Pycnidia are marginal and conical, with a triangular base, while conidia are oblong-ellipsoid...

season, the fungus overwinters as pycnidia or pseudothecia within cane lesions or mummified fruit. In the spring, the pycnidia will produce conidia once again...

Abrothallus etayoi differs from other Abrothallus fungi by the shape of its pycnidia (barrel-shaped to somewhat spherical), and by its single-celled conidia...

(fruiting bodies) with a reddish-brown disc, two-spored asci, and abundant pycnidia, identified chemically by compounds like atranorin and stictic acid. The...

(distoseptate with lens-shaped lumina); they stain violet-blue with iodine. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The species is known from...

distributed. There are no apothecia (cup-like sexual reproductive structures) or pycnidia (small asexual reproductive structures). Canoparmelia roseoreagens contains...

constriction known as a plasma bridge, and measure 5.5–9.5 × 4.5–6 μm. Pycnidia (minute flask-shaped asexual structures) are about 0.1 mm across with a...

for a small group of species characterised by elevated, white frost-like pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) and white-dusted apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies)...

about 30–45 × 4.5–5.5 μm, often slightly curved with rounded ends. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were observed. In spot tests, apothecia are UV−...

upper and lower cortex of paraplectenchymatous cells ("Candelina type"), pycnidia that are immersed in the thallus, and eight narrowly ellipsoid, 1–2-celled...

slightly constricted at septa, rounded at both ends, 36-44 x 14-15 μ. Pycnidia globose, golden-brown, opening by circular mouth and wall composed of small...

hypothallus, is visible, and reproductive structures like apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, when tested, the lichen turns orange...

at the cross-walls, and have diamond-shaped internal spaces (lumina). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The thallus gives a purple...

13–16 μm) with a slight pinch at the septum. No asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were seen. In chemical spot tests the apothecia are K+ (purple-red, fading...

melanized sclerotia that can be infectious, or the species can produce pycnidia on their surface that then also produce infectious conidia (Hartman and...

to yellow-green, comprising lobes that are 0.5–1 cm wide. Apothecia and pycnidia are not known for this species. List of Parmotrema species Krog, Hildur;...

prothallus, especially where it adjoins other thalli. No apothecia or pycnidia were observed in this species. List of Pertusaria species "Pertusaria darwiniana...

well-developed outer layer (perispore). Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are often present, producing rod-shaped conidia about 4–5 by 1 μm. Both...

preparations, matching the Trapelia structural type. Immersed, brown-black pycnidia frequently accompany the lirellae and release slender, slightly curved...

and the orange pigmentation of the lower medulla. It lacks apothecia and pycnidia. Its thallus grow 3–5 cm wide and is yellowish-green, although it darkens...

kunzei (also called Cytospora and Valsa). It is dispersed by spores from pycnidia within the tree's bark, which contain asexual conidia. The conidia are...

measuring 8–10 by 2.5–3 μm, and are arranged irregularly within the asci. No pycnidia have been observed to occur in this species. Chemically, the species shows...

5 cm (2 in) in diameter and up to 0.2 mm thick. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia (structures for sexual and asexual reproduction, respectively) were observed...

lack a perispore, with no discernible ornamentation visible under DIC. Pycnidia are rare, immersed with only the uppermost part protruding, and the wall...

separated from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula musaespora does not make pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the thallus reacts under ultraviolet...

as Durio graveolens. The fungus over-winters as pycnidia on the outside of diseased wood. The pycnidia produce and release dark brown, striated conidia...

mainly with longitudinally arranged ridges disrupted by irregular cracks. Pycnidia are frequently present, producing narrowly cylindrical conidia that are...

development of Pseudocarpon involves pycnoascocarps. Initially, the fungus forms pycnidia, which are small flask-shaped cavities that produce asexual spores (conidia)...

(mealy) soredia cover the entire surface of the soralia. Ascomata and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The chemistry of Chiodecton xanthonosorediatum...

ascospores have rounded or pointed ends. Thelenella lateralis does not make pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, no substances were detected...

about 23–25 × 9–10 μm, and are surrounded by a thin gelatinous layer. No pycnidia have been observed. Chemical tests indicate UV-negative thallus tissues...

measuring about 9–9.5 × 11–19 μm. Pycnidia are sparse, producing straight, cylindrical conidia about 0.5–1 × 5–7 μm. The pycnidia may visible on the thallus...

2-septate (occasionally 3-septate) macrocephalic ascospores, and emergent pycnidia that can be more or less spherical to cylindrical. Kantvilas considered...

symptoms appear as tiny black dots (pycnidia) on fallen leaves or abscised petioles. Late-season symptoms (pycnidia) appear on dead stems, branches and...

Fusicoccum ribis, and although less abundant, it is characterized by globose pycnidia containing smooth, hyaline macro- and microconidia. These symptoms have...

are obovoid, usually 0–1-septate, and measure about 12.5–15 × 5–5.8 μm. Pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, it produces protolichesterinic acid...

mature. The genus also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which can be sunken into or sitting on the thallus surface. These structures...

part-spores. In its asexual morph, Ostropomyces develops erumpent, spherical pycnidia with a wall that shows two distinct layers in transverse section. The outer...

from ascospores discharged from perithecia or conidia discharged from pycnidia that have overwintered in fallen leaves or canes. Once infected, the raspberry...

absence of red pigments around the wart-like perithecial swellings and pycnidia, the aggregation of perithecia into these verrucae, an inspersed hymenium...

These granules may be absent from some parts of the thallus surface. Pycnidia (flask-like structures, resembling perithecia, in which conidia are produced)...

pale greyish to dark grey and have typical dimensions of 4.5 by 6.3 μm. Pycnidia are common, and occur at the tips of the small terminal branches (branchlets)...

branched. The medulla (the tissue inside the lichen) is white. Apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures, were not observed in this species....

brown, with a single septum, and are shaped either oblong or ellipsoid. Pycnidia are infrequent and take on an urceolate to globose form, housing bacilliform...

sexual spores are 0–1-septate; and the asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are sunk in the thallus and produce short, rod-shaped conidia. Taken together...

Didymocyrtis trassii has pycnidial conidiomata of the Phoma-type. The pycnidia are black and more or less spherical, and partially immersed in the host...

ellipsoid, measuring 14–25 by 9–13 μm. The species also has black, immersed pycnidia (flask-shaped structures) with weakly bifusiform conidia (asexual spores)...

and sometimes sparsely branched. The medulla is white. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed among the collected specimens. The cortex contains...

simple, ellipsoid to somewhat spindle-shaped, and about 9–12.5 × 4–6 μm. Pycnidia were not observed in the material studied. The species grows on bare soil...

(vegetative, or sexual reproductive structures); however, they do possess pycnidia. Pycnidia are located along the summits of long wart-like projections on the...

and pyriform, aseptate, hyaline ascospores measuring 7–9 by 3.0–3.5 μm. Pycnidia are found on the same thallus, often grouped separately, with black, bacilliform...

with sparse, simple, slender rhizines up to 1.0 mm long. Apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual fruiting bodies, respectively) have not been observed...

measure 85–95 × 32–37 μm and are surrounded by a 2–5 μm gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed. In terms of spot test reactions, the thallus is UV−...

and angular lumina with only a few transverse, mostly oblique septa. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. In terms of chemical spot tests, the...

ellipsoid with somewhat pointed ends, measuring 9–11 × 4.5–5.5 μm. No asexual pycnidia have been observed. A simple spot test shows the inner white layer (medulla)...

separated from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula celaticarpa does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the ostiole reacts with potassium...

ascus, and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath approximately 1.5 μm wide. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus of Porina microtriseptata...

pale rhizines. Apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) are uncommon, while pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) and secondary metabolites are not found in this...

5–10 by 3–5 μm and are produced in pycnidia with wide open, crater-like ostioles. The species also produces pycnidia similar to others in the genus, with...

1-septate, and ellipsoid, with dimensions ranging from 16–22 x 7–9 μm. Pycnidia, immersed in warts, contain bacilliform conidia measuring 4–5 x 0.8–1 μm...

and therefore has no true sexual stage. As a result, Septoria produces pycnidia, an asexual flask shaped fruiting body, on the leaves of potato and other...

12 μm on average, with a brown pigment but no transparent halo. Immersed pycnidia produce slender bacilliform conidia. Standard spot tests give K+ (red)...

ranging from 12 to 14.6–7.5 μm in size, with a septum width of 2–3 μm. Pycnidia, found in the central part of the areoles, protrude slightly and measure...

bacillar, hyaline ascospores with 0–5 transverse septa; and relatively large pycnidia with gaping ostioles. Chemically, the genus is distinctive in always producing...

the late summer and fall as the fungal survival structures, pycnidia, are formed. The pycnidia appear as small black dots and can be found at the base of...

31–36 by 13–16 μm and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. Chemical analysis of the thallus...

3(–22.3) × (9.4–)11.0–14.1(–14.9) μm, with walls approximately 1 μm thick. Pycnidia have not been observed. List of Parmotrema species NatureServe. "Parmotrema...

4 mm long by 0.3–0.4 mm wide; they are whitish in colour. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. Gyalectidium conchiferum has been...

(6–)9–12 by 7–10 μm. These spores do not have a gelatinous sheath, and no pycnidia have been observed. Chemical spot tests on Carbacanthographis coccospora...

lifestyle as it matures. The fungal reproductive structures, known as pycnidia, are small and often partially embedded in the host lichen's surface. They...

marginal pycnidia (conidia-producing structures) are present, appearing as brownish-black, wart-like formations up to 200 μm in diameter. These pycnidia produce...

single-celled ascospores measuring roughly 12–15 × 5.5–7.5 μm. Tiny flask-like pycnidia, embedded in the thallus near the apothecia, produce minute asexual conidia...

green algal cells, which measure about 9–11 μm in diameter. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. Chemically, this lichen contains...

species has larger, corticate areoles, larger apothecia, differently formed pycnidia, and a terricolous habit. The thallus of Micarea hypoviolascens forms an...

rosae invade the dead leaf tissue and form pycnidia lined with conidiophores under the old acervuli. The pycnidia then overwinter in the lesions of infected...

(endospore) is conspicuously thickened at the tips. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were not seen, and routine chemical tests detected no lichen substances...

4–6 μm). Strigula also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which contain macroconidia (larger asexual spores) with short to medium-sized...

and upward from the supporting structure. Flask-shaped, spore-bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia, which have a waxlike appearance: the matrix turns...

generally narrowly conical, simple, densely covered by black dot-like pycnidia positioned centrally on areolae, and by containing sekikaic acid, with...

The spores formed in the apothecia are polarilocular, with short septa. Pycnidia, a type of asexual fruiting body, have not been observed to occur in this...

micro-feature useful to separate lookalikes. Sexual structures (apothecia) and pycnidia were not observed in the material examined for the revision. The type specimen...

branches. Apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed, but pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are present, though sparse and brown. In standard...

the germination process, on the exterior of leaves, as well as exist as pycnidia, acervuli and perithecia, within the affected leaf tissue. Viruses can...

or gently cylindrical. Asexual spores are produced in minute, immersed pycnidia of the Dermatocarpon-type; these release short rod-shaped (bacilliform)...

constricted at the septa, with thin walls and a narrow, smooth perispore. No pycnidia were observed to occur in this species. List of Arthonia species Frisch...

soredia) crust. The soredia are sized between 25 and 35 μm in diameter. Pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures producing asexual spores, have not been...

squamulose thallus, the coal-black (carbonised) wall of the perithecia, and pycnidia with a single, Staurothele-type cavity rather than the multi-locular form...

distinct outer sheath. Asexual reproduction occurs in partially immersed pycnidia that release straight, rod‑shaped conidia, again colourless and without...

rather than in neat rows. Asexual reproduction is handled by immersed pycnidia scattered across the surface; these produce rod-shaped conidia. Chemical...

the upper cell may be slightly larger. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) occur along the prothallus lines, about 0.1 mm wide, but the conidia have...

(locules) separated by a central septum with a perforation or isthmus. Pycnidia, which are small, flask-shaped asexual reproductive structures, are mostly...

smooth-walled, and dark brown. Vegetative reproduction occurs in flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the thallus; these produce colourless, rod-shaped conidia....

12-.4 in). They have dark red to chocolate brown margins and often have pycnidia in the gray-colored centers. A green halo may be present around the lesion...

develop either in the ordinary way or by transforming tiny asexual chambers (pycnidia) into so-called pycnoascocarps. They start out buried in the thallus and...

asexually through pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures embedded in the thallus. The conidia (asexual spores) produced by the pycnidia are cylindrical...

known as ascomata are not observed in this species. However, it possesses pycnidia, which are small, flask-shaped structures embedded within the thallus,...

internal partition, and measure 10–17 × 3.5–5.5 μm. Separate flask-shaped pycnidia generate long, thread-like conidia 7–10 × 0.5–1 μm that serve as another...

to 2 μm in width. The lichen also contains cortical tissue beneath the pycnidia, specialized structures producing asexual spores called conidia. The conidia...

colour. It produces apothecia (reproductive structures) commonly. The pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are immersed in the thallus and produce...

colourless ascospores about 25 × 5 μm. Sterile branches often finish in blunt pycnidia that exude a clear slime loaded with straight or slightly curved conidia...

measuring 13–20 by 5–7 μm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. Pycnidia are immersed, punctiform, with bacilliform conidia measuring 5–7 by 0.7–1 μm...

are narrowly ellipsoid, non-septate, and about 6.5–9 × about 2.5 μm. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting structures) were observed in this species. The main substances...

0–12.5 by 5.0–6.0 μm with a thin outer layer (epispore) measuring 1.0 μm. Pycnidia (another reproductive structure) are immature and not visible in this species...

angle, measuring 9–13 by 6–7 μm with thick walls (approximately 0.8 μm). Pycnidia are frequently present, laminal, and immersed, measuring 70–120 μm in diameter...

"Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. Bibcode:2015ThLic...

exciples. Ascospores are polar-diblastic with a short to large long septum. Pycnidia are present or absent, gray or black, and conidia are bacilliform to somewhat...

(a "Trapelia-type" response). Asexual reproduction occurs in immersed pycnidia that release rod-shaped to thread-like conidia. Chemical analyses typically...

11–14 × 3–4 μm. Asexual propagation occurs through sessile, wart-like pycnidia (10–13 μm across) that release non-septate, pear-shaped conidia 2–2.5 ×...

(lumina), and are partly yellow, lacking a gelatinous surrounding layer. Pycnidia, which are another form of reproductive structure, were not observed to...

terminal capitate soralia. Apothecia are not observed, but brown to black pycnidia are common. The spermatia are cylindrical and may have slight swellings...

ends and rounded lumina, and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed. The thallus surface of Polymeridium longiflavens is...

Around three weeks following infection small black specks of conidia within pycnidia, and ascospores within perithecia, can be seen forming upon concentric...

whitish-coloured tissue that contrasts with the surrounding thallus. Black pycnidia are abundant on the pseudostromata. The area around and including the ostiole...

by 2.5–3.5 μm, and are slightly constricted at the septa (divisions). Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not observed in this species. The...

0 μm) and never show a pinched "waist" at the internal walls. No asexual pycnidia have been observed. Standard chemical spot tests are negative on the thallus...

lack the gelatinous envelope seen in many relatives. Minute flask-like pycnidia generate rod-shaped conidia measuring 4–7 × 0.3–0.8 μm. Standard spot tests...

length and anchor the lichen to the bark. Sexual (apothecia) and asexual (pycnidia) fruit bodies have not been observed in this species. Chemical spot tests...

refers to the yellowish-green colour of the pruina visible on the discs and pycnidia. Damien Ertz transferred the taxon to the genus Alyxoria in 2012. The lichen...

biseriate, brown, and both distoseptate and muriform, with rounded lumina. No pycnidia have been observed. Chemically, the thallus does not react to ultraviolet...

unornamented, and the bases of the discs and the tiny asexual structures (pycnidia) are hairy; these features help separate it from similar Antarctic and...

a tiny apothecium with a thalline margin and a black disc. Inside the pycnidia, colourless conidiogenous cells, which are more or less cylindrical to...

metabolites. Sexual structures are unknown for Francisrosea; apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Francisrosea bicolor has a stronghold in the New...

asexual reproductive structures such as soralia nor isidia. Conspicuous pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are present on the thallus as tiny black dots...

with colours ranging from pinks and reds through browns to almost black. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are common in the genus and produce thread-like...

generally irregularly biseriate (arranged in two rows). Porina also produces pycnidia, which are asexual reproductive structures. The conidia (asexual spores)...

carrying a finely warted outer layer. Asexual reproduction occurs in immersed pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. No secondary metabolites (lichen...

wider than long, and set off from the wall by a thick endospore layer. No pycnidia were seen, and standard chemical tests detected no secondary metabolites...

The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, and measure 14–16 by 10–12 μm. Pycnidia are visible as brown to black dots immersed in the thallus surface; they...

many plant pathogenic species. Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily...

dark brown, with a finely decorated outer surface. Rarely, the lichen has pycnidia, which have black openings and produce rod-shaped spores. The spores themselves...

squamules; small podetia with closed branch angles (axils); frequent brown pycnidia; and only one detected secondary metabolite, fumarprotocetraric acid. Cladonia...

from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula inspersicollaris does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the thallus does not fluoresce...

The lichen has numerous pycnidia, which are easily identified as tiny orange protuberances on the thallus. These pycnidia produce conidia that are narrowly...

about 10–15 × 6–9 μm, with a relatively thick septum (roughly 4–6 μm); pycnidia have not been reported for this species in the material examined. Athallia...

development of its ascocarp. Another ditinguishing feature is the unusual pycnidia of Pulvinodecton species, which feature a deeply divided cavity with more...

by big alpha or small beta conidia that grow from the phomopsis type (pycnidia) in the summer, and from the fusicoccum type winterhidings in September...

The prothallus (a thin border of hyphae) is indistinct. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed. In terms of chemical spot tests, the thallus is K+...

to 12 μm wide), with a relatively thick septum (often around 6–7 μm). Pycnidia were not observed in the studied material. In spot tests, the apothecial...

are whitish, while the exposed diahyphal mass is green. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. As of its original publication...

lichen substances. Sexual and asexual fruiting structures (apothecia and pycnidia) were not observed. Parallopsora brakoae is known only from the type locality...

is 0.5–1 mm wide, with short, stout, and black rhizines. Apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures, were not observed in this species....

spindle-shaped, divided by three cross-walls, and measure about 28 × 3 μm. Tiny pycnidia, seen as darker pin-pricks in the cortex, release thread-like conidia (12–16...

lower surface, in contrast to Candelariella which produces conidia from pycnidia on its upper surface. Poelt, in 1974, identified 'Candelariella' subdeflexa...

65–85 × 6–7(–10.5) μm), and the ascospores measure roughly 12–13 × 5–6 μm; pycnidia were not observed. Henssen also reported regular, short-celled meshes in...

6–6.5 by 5–6 micrometres (μm). Small, shiny spore-producing structures (pycnidia) commonly appear at lobe tips, producing rod-shaped to slightly spindle-shaped...

to long-ellipsoid, hyaline, and 3-septate, measuring 19–22 by 3–5 μm. Pycnidia are stalked with simple or rarely branched, dark brown to black conical...

are relatively small and contain short to medium septa, or partitions. Pycnidia, which are specialized structures responsible for asexual reproduction...

broadly ellipsoid, and have rounded ends, measuring 8–9 μm by 6.5–7 μm. Pycnidia, another type of reproductive structure, have not been observed in this...

in clusters. The medulla is white. The lichen has neither apothecia nor pycnidia. The cortex contains atranorin, while the medulla has lecanoric acid. The...

representative, but not exhaustive: f. ciliaris This is the nominate form, in which pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are rare or absent, and the margins of apothecia...

rhizines. No reproductive structures such as apothecia (fruiting bodies) or pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures containing conidia) have been observed...

shapes. Occasionally, these spores may exhibit a slight curvature. The pycnidia (structures associated with asexual reproduction) of Gyaloechia are typically...

acid, whereas most other Anomomorpha species have norstictic acid. No pycnidia have been observed in this species. Anomomorpha lecanorina was originally...

remains colourless. Asexual reproduction takes place in minute flask-shaped pycnidia that are likewise terminal on the branches; these release rod-shaped, colourless...

field character that separates P. eganii from P. rudecta. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed to occur in this species. The species is known only...

indistinct median septum. Asexual reproduction occurs in tiny, immersed pycnidia that release colourless, rod-shaped conidia formed on simple cylindrical...

they can range from 33 to 52 × 7–12 μm. Asexual structures are frequent: pycnidia are flattened, black, oval to irregular (about 0.2–0.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm). Conidia...

brown and finely warty, with rounded upper ends and tapered lower ends. No pycnidia have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata are negative in standard...

in shape, measuring 8–12(-14) by 2.5–4 μm, and from zero to two septa. Pycnidia are very rare and grey-brown, either sessile or stalked, measuring 20–50 μm...

moderately thick dividing wall (septum). Jasonhuria also has structures (pycnidia) that produce conidia (asexual spores), which are ellipsoid in shape, and...

slightly curved, measuring 8.8–12 μm long and 3.3–4.4 μm wide. Additionally, pycnidia—small fruiting bodies that release asexual spores—are located near the...

margin. The ascospores are oblong-ellipsoid, measuring 30–50×10–15 μm. Pycnidia were not reported. This species is known only from the type locality in...

outer and inner flaps during spore discharge, unlike related genera. The pycnidia have blue-green to green-black ostioles. While originally suggested to...

and lacking isidia, soredia, pustules, pseudocyphellae, apothecia and pycnidia, while the lower thallus surface is black, with brown apices. The rhizines...

intense colouring, while the thallus may contain traces of atranorin. No pycnidia (flask-shaped asexual organs) have been observed to occur in the genus...

that are typically 3-septate (about 16–27 × 2.0–2.5 μm). Conspicuous dark pycnidia are often present and may show a white droplet of conidia at the top. Chemically...

by 5–7 μm, are hyaline (transparent), and show some constrictions. No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) or secondary chemical compounds were...

are olive-brown, one-septate and not pinched at the partition. Immersed pycnidia produce curved, hair-like conidia up to 30 μm long that provide an asexual...

Vegetative reproductive structures (propagules) and asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were not observed. The fruiting bodies (ascomata) are rounded with a complete...

spherical. Allantoparmelia also produces tiny, embedded structures called pycnidia that release minute, colourless, elongated spores (conidia) that may be...

ellipsoid ascospores witgh dimensions of 6–8 × 5–7 μm. Immersed black pycnidia produce slender conidia 6–7 × about 1 μm. Standard spot tests are negative...

compared with those of allied genera. Scattered among the crust lie minute pycnidia—flask-shaped cavities that release slender, rod-shaped conidia; these asexual...

brick-like appearance under the microscope. No separate asexual structures (pycnidia) have been observed, and spot tests for secondary metabolites are negative...

26–54 μm (averaging 37 μm), and typically have three to five thin septa. Pycnidia are scattered across the surface, immersed in the thallus with a protruding...

to a pale brown and developing a roughened coat. No asexual propagules (pycnidia) have been observed. This combination of an intensely K-positive orange...

helps distinguish Bellicidia from other genera in the Toninia group. The pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores) are black, more or less immersed...

foliose (leafy) thallus with an cortex-lacking lower surface, nipple-like pycnidia on the margins, and apothecia (fruiting bodies) at the lobe tips justified...

particular type of fungal fruiting body, and "pycnis" relating to the pycnidia (spore-containing chambers) that define this group. The single species...

diameter. The disc is either cinnamon-brown or dark brown, and ellipsoid. The pycnidia is immersed, while the conidia are bifusiform. List of Xanthoparmelia species...

trebouxioid (a type of green algae), with spherical cells 5–15 μm in diameter. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are few, with an ostiole (opening) that...

internal divisions), cylindrical, measuring 8–12 μm long and 2 μm thick. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are sessile, globose, black, with a dot-like...

fruiting structures (conidiomata) were observed in the original description. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were later reported as rare, with bacilliform...

junction of a branchlet with a branch or with another branchlet) are open. Pycnidia are common, while apothecia are rare. Cladonia wainioi is highly branched...

blackened apothecia. The spores are polar-diblastic with a septum. No pycnidia are seen. Parvoplaca is mainly distributed in polar regions but also in...

crenate margin. It counts with 8 spores per ascus, which are ellipsoid. Pycnidia are absent in Hypotrachyna angustissima. This species was first found in...

outer layer, but with age they become brown and develop granular warting. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting structures) have not been observed. Arthonia thelotrematis...

about 5–6 × 3–4 μm. Asexual propagules also occur: half-sunken, spherical pycnidia dot the branch ends and secrete thread-like conidia roughly 6.5–7.5 μm...

14–21 by 6–10 μm in size, with a distinctive verrucose ornamentation. Pycnidia are common but immersed and black. The species is chemically characterised...

the depside methyl 3,5 dichlorolecanorate; however, it reportedly lacks pycnidia, generally present in all other species of Vermilacinia but not always...

Ascospores are simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured at 5–7 × 3–4 μm. Pycnidia are also rare, and conidia were reported as straight and 7–9 × 1 μm. The...

single-celled ascospores wrapped in a tight gelatinous envelope. Minute, sunken pycnidia occasionally produce rod-shaped conidia for asexual spread. Chemical tests...

Each spore is encased in a wavy gelatinous sheath up to 5 μm thick. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have been observed to occur in this species....

both longitudinal and transverse walls) and later becoming brown. The pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are uni- or multiloculate, and their conidiophores...

thin and do not bulge at the septa. Separate flask-shaped structures (pycnidia) erupt as conspicuous, white-dusty cylinders and release minute, rod-like...

and 0–1 longitudinal septum per segment, measuring 40–65 by 10–13 μm. No pycnidia have been observed. Astrochapsa elongata is very similar to Astrochapsa...

shortly bifurcate near branch tips, the tips usually with black dot-like pycnidia, and by containing the lichen substance salazinic acid. It sometime forms...

There are little black dots which gather in these lesions; these are the pycnidia which release conidia, the polycyclic and asexual stage of the fungus....

one or as many as eight; they are 25–35 μm long and 12–15 μm wide. No pycnidia have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata give negative results...

They have rounded ends, are not curved, and lack a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed. In spot tests, the apothecia...

asci, long narrow ascospores divided by transverse septa, and distinctive pycnidia that produce long, thread-like, sigmoid conidia; in F. myrtillicola, a...

"Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. doi:10.1017/s0024282915000201...

characterised by elevated, white, frost-like asexual structures (pruinose pycnidia) and typically white-pruinose, immersed to adnate fruiting bodies (apothecia)...

Some strains form short chains of spores on substrate hyphae. Sclerotia-, pycnidia-, sporangia-, and synnemata-like structures are produced by some strains...

ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate, and about 8–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm. No pycnidia were observed, and no lichen products were detected. At the time of its...

wider than long; each spore is surrounded by a 1 μm gelatinous sheath. No pycnidia were observed, and standard spot tests detected no secondary metabolites...

brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, with dimensions of 12-19 x 5-7 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in warts, containing bacilliform conidia measuring 3-4 x 1...

22–25 μm in length and 8–10 μm in width. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are not known to occur in this genus. "Synonymy. Current Name: Pseudoleptogium...

reproduction in Spirographa occurs in immersed, spherical to pear-shaped pycnidia. When mature the upper wall of the pycnidium breaks down irregularly to...

show a paler, brownish underside before ageing to black. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed, so the species is currently known only in its vegetative...

colourless, and found in European species. Asexual reproductive structures, the pycnidia, are also sessile and roughly spherical, usually covered by a layer of...

detach, leaving neat round scars. No apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) or pycnidia have been seen, and the sterile setae may represent senescent hyphophores...

surrounds every spore and shows best after treatment with K. Half-embedded pycnidia with orange-tinged walls produce masses of simple, club-shaped conidia...

Austropeltum glareosum also has secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia, which produce slender, thread-like conidia (asexual spores). These structures...

Vermilacinia have been included in Ramalina, which is distinguished by the pale pycnidia, the presence of pseudocyphellae, the absence of the diterpene (−)-16 α-hydroxykaurane...

a prominent whitish to grey margin. Ascospores were not observed, and pycnidia were not reported. Ferraro and colleagues reported Gyalectidium puntilloi...

thin-layer chromatography detects no secondary metabolites. Asexual structures (pycnidia) were not observed. Bogoriella chiquitana is so far known only from its...

2–5(–6) transverse and 6–12(–15) longitudinal divisions. Asexual propagules (pycnidia) were not observed in this species. Standard spot tests are negative (K−...

flora. The fungus forms lichenicolous pycnidia that develop within the thallus of Ramalina fraxinea. These pycnidia are scattered to densely aggregated...

lichens are those that are erect, foliose (leafy), and with apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures, respectively) that are largely...

Schizoxylon. Some species also produce asexual states with dark-walled pycnidia that generate simple, colorless conidia. Acarosporina species develop on...

genus typically infect plant leaves. Microsphaeropsis caloplacae produces pycnidia that are entirely immersed in the host lichen's apothecial discs. They...

three-septate, measuring 30–40 × 1–2 μm. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) were seen. Chemically, the thallus reacts with potassium hydroxide solution...

are constricted at the septum; the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. Pycnidia are punctiform, immersed, with a brown ostiole. The conidia are bacilliform...

contains eight ascospores that measure about 8.5–11 × 4.5–7 micrometres (μm). Pycnidia are common, immersed in the upper surface, and produce asexual spores (conidia)...

measure 11–12.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm. They lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests, the thallus is negative...

septa), and measure between 150 and 190 μm in length and 40–50 μm in width. Pycnidia, which are small asexual fruiting bodies, have not been observed in this...

develop beneath a functioning pycnidium (pycnoascocarpic development). Pycnidia are more or less spherical (subglobose) to broadly pear-shaped and produce...

observations were made of apothecia (fruiting bodies that produce spores) or pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores), which are often present in lichen...

calcium oxalate crystals. Neither asci (spore-producing structures) nor pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in this species, indicating...

in shape, while lesions are elongated on stems. Oftentimes, small black pycnidia are present. A. pisi rarely attacks the base of the plant or causes foot...

gelatinous halo that swells in potassium hydroxide KOH solution. Tiny immersed pycnidia produce short rod-shaped conidia, and chemically the thallus gives a K+...

cetrarioid lichen, meaning it is erect, foliose, and with apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures, respectively) that are largely...

to about 10 mm across with long cilia; spores are hyaline and obovoid. Pycnidia were not observed in the material studied. Chemical tests of the medulla...

swell as parasitic fungus produces more peridermia and yellow colored pycnidia start to appear on the bark. Then the tree's leaves wilt and branches start...

look like very fine, many-celled threads that may split into segments. Pycnidia were not observed. The species was originally only known from the type...

even proposed for this taxon due to distinctive features of the asci, pycnidia and the ascoma (the fruiting bodies of sexual reproduction), but molecular...

lichens" – species with erect, foliose thalli with marginal apothecia and pycnidia. However, DNA evidence from several studies showed that the cetrarioid...

revised material. Asexual structures include immersed to slightly raised pycnidia (flask-shaped conidiomata). These have simple conidiophores that bear small...

ellipsoid, measuring 10–15 × 5.0–9.5 μm with a septum that is 2–4 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus and produce bacilliform conidia 3–4 × 1 μm...

dense, simple, slender black rhizines up to 0.5 mm long. Apothecia and pycnidia were not observed to occur in X. inopinata This species is found growing...

black raised specks, which are the sporocarps, or fruiting bodies called pycnidia and/or pseudothecia. In wet conditions, gray spore masses may appear and...

marginate apothecia. Its ascospores are typically 8–11 by 5–6.5 μm. Its pycnidia are spherical and measure about 120 μm; they are immersed in the thallus...

the main vegetative body of the lichen. Furthermore, this genus produces pycnidia (tiny fruiting bodies that release asexual spores) atop small, rounded...

kind of reproductive structure, the pycnidia, appear on the thallus surface and are darkened and sunken. The pycnidia contain spore-like conidia that are...

due to the xylem producing a gum to prevent further damage. Flask shaped pycnidia are barely visible as black spots in the center of grey areas though hard...

(+) and (-) are formed. Next haploid pycniospores are exchanged between pycnidia of different mating types on the upper leaf surface. General symptoms that...

consisted of degraded material and intact ascospores were not observed, and pycnidia have not been reported for the species. Standard lichen spot tests are...

trentepohlioid, possible Trentepohlia abietina. Although neither ascomata nor pycnidia were observed in the original collections of this species, they were present...

separated from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula cinnabarina does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the thallus reacts with potassium...

in diameter. Chrysothrix chamaecyparicola does not develop apothecia or pycnidia, which are reproductive structures commonly found in many lichen species...

measuring 17–27 × 4–6 μm (with extremes of 12–35 × 3.5–7 μm recorded). Pycnidia may be present. The conidia are oblong to ellipsoid, about 3–4 × 1.2–1...

asexually through pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures embedded in the thallus. The conidia (asexual spores) produced by the pycnidia are thread-like...

are foliose or subfruticose with erect lobes, and their apothecia and pycnidia are located on the lobe margins. Hypogymnioid lichens are either members...

ellipsoid, and halonate, measuring about 8–15 × 5–7.5 μm. Asexual structures (pycnidia) are uncommon. When present they are immersed and dark, producing rod-shaped...

colourless and the epihymenium is pale brown. The species does not form pycnidia. Upretia squamulosa is similar to Upretia zeorina but differs in having...

grainy texture. Neither apothecia (sexual reproductive structures) nor pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in the species. There...

photobiont. It further possesses biatorine apothecia and two types of pycnidia – conspicuous macropycnidia with narrowly fusiform, two-celled hyaline...

themselves are simple, ellipsoidal, colourless, and measure 10–17 by 5–8 μm. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are immersed in the thallus, with black...

diamond-shaped lumina, and are surrounded by a gelatinous layer up to 2 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus surface of Trypethelium...

walls between them become constricted. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) occur along the edge of the thallus. A reddish‑orange anthraquinone pigment...

from the end wall by an endospore layer. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are absent. Chemically, the thallus contains red anthraquinone pigments...

brown, ellipsoid, measuring 23–28 by 9–11 μm, and are of the Physcia-type. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are rare. The photobiont (photosynthetic...

branches thickened and wavy (undulate) along margins, often with abundant pycnidia and/or apothecia, and by the thallus containing the lichen substance divaricatic...

measuring about 34–78 × 22–36 μm. Asexual reproduction occurs via immersed pycnidia about 200–250 μm wide, which may form small swellings with minute, dark...

and bear a fine, warty ornamentation. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are uncommon, but when present they release colourless, rod-shaped conidia...

5.5–8 μm with a septum thickness of 4.5–9 μm. Further, the presence of pycnidia, small structures, is also noted, which are red in color. The conidia have...

10–13 by 5–8 μm and produces simple, rod-shaped conidia from inconspicuous pycnidia immersed in the thallus. When tested chemically, the thallus shows no reaction...

A thickened inner wall occurs at the tips. The thallus bears abundant pycnidia, which produce curved, thread‑like conidia 17–22 μm long and about 0.5 μm...

with an elongated partition, or septum. There is no observed presence of pycnidia, another type of reproductive structure. The thallus contains usnic acid...

with ends that are rounded and not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The surface of the thallus is UV−...

ends and diamond-shaped lumina, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus surface of Astrothelium...

(divided into two cells) and develop a smooth surface as they mature. Pycnidia, the asexual reproductive structures, are rare in this species. When present...

prominent whitish margin. The ascospores are ellipsoid, 30–40 × 12–18 μm. Pycnidia were not reported. Ferraro and colleagues treated G. australe as a foliicolous...

2022. It can be distinguished from related species by its conspicuous pycnidia, which open by star-shaped cracks. The lichen occurs on calcareous and...

measuring 5 to 10 by 4 to 6 μm, with a smooth wall 0.5 to 1 μm thick. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are numerous, mostly immersed in the...

not been observed in this species, though some underdeveloped marginal pycnidia (structures that typically produce asexual spores) have been noted. Kärnefelt...

pathogen is capable of producing pycnidia that produce conidia on conidiophores within the pycnidia. However, these pycnidia have never been observed on the...

13 × 6–7 micrometres (μm), with a septum typically around 4–5 μm wide. Pycnidia are frequent, producing ellipsoid to short-bacilliform (rod-shaped) conidia...

the perithecium), its spores do not develop a thick endospore, and its pycnidia produce brown, transversely septate macroconidia (while still having the...

called pycnidia, which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate...

once by a cross-wall. A second set of reproductive organs, flask-shaped pycnidia, are sunk in the thallus and appear as tiny brown-black dots. Inside, branched...

which are hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform, and measure 33–36 by 10–11 μm. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. In term of standard chemical spot tests...

measuring 12–17 by 9–13 μm, with 8 spores per ascus (spore sac). Small black pycnidia (another type of reproductive structure) are common, producing oblong-elliptic...

Gregorella apart from its former host genus Fuscopannaria. No asexual pycnidia have been observed in the species. "Synonymy: Gregorella humida (Kullh...

septum set well above the middle of the spore. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) are also abundant. They are dark brown, globose to cylindrical (sometimes...

spherical to short barrel-shaped perithecia and elongated barrel-shaped pycnidia, and smooth thalli (lacking a cortex) of rounded patches formed by its...

thallus, the absence of coarse granules, and the rarity of apothecia and pycnidia. Its prothallus is formed of narrow bundles of hyphae and its soralia are...

apothecia, Buellia may also reproduce asexually through structures called pycnidia, which produce simple, bacilliform (rod-shaped), or filiform (thread-like)...

gyrophoric acid in its pycnidial walls is an unusual trait for the group. The pycnidia of Fellhanera gyrophorica are notable for being sessile or shortly stalked...

iodine-positive sheath. Asexual reproduction occurs in dark, partially immersed pycnidia. These may contain several chambers and release colourless, rod-shaped...

and has faint microrugulate ornamentation (fine wrinkles or grooves). Pycnidia have not been observed in Pertusaria albineoides. List of Pertusaria species...

comparisons, R. geographicum typically produced many pycnidia, while R. lecanorinum bore scarce pycnidia but developed apothecia even at small thallus sizes...

eight spores. The ascospores are ellipsoid, measuring 17.5–20 by 10–12 μm. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) and conidia (asexual spores) have not been observed...

internal divisions (non-septate). No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed to occur in Nebularia, and chemical analysis has revealed...

walls. They are non-septate, meaning they lack internal partitions. No pycnidia, which are structures for asexual reproduction, have been observed to occur...

The soredia are granular, with a diameter of 0.10–0.15 mm. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The lichen contains haemathamnolic...

9–9.5 μm. No perispore (outer spore layer) was detected in this species. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not observed in this lichen. List...

the apex. Immersed in the thallus surface are conidiomata in the form of pycnidia; they are 60–80 μm in diameter and produce conidia that are ellipsoid to...

(occasionally up to 6) μm thick, smooth to very faintly ornamented. No pycnidia were observed in this species. Lichexanthone, 2-chlorolichexanthone, 2...

Lecanora group. Asexual propagules are produced sparingly: minute flask-like pycnidia are immersed in the thallus surface and appear as tiny dark dots. Each...

surrounding the apothecium), despite earlier descriptions suggesting otherwise. Pycnidia, which are asexual reproductive structures, have been observed in M. umbonata...

lens-shaped lumina). They stain violet-blue with iodine (I+ violet-blue). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed, and no lichen substances were...

Asahina also recorded minute ellipsoid asexual spores (conidia) formed in pycnidia scattered across the thallus; he further noted orange-red pigments in the...

three-celled ascospores measuring about 19–30 × 4–5 μm. Asexual flask-like pycnidia produce gently curved rod-shaped conidia 4–6 × 1 μm. Routine spot tests...

bark-dwelling species also produce asexual spores in microscopic flasks (pycnidia) embedded in the thallus. These release rod-shaped conidia that ooze out...

composed of tightly packed hyphae, with a narrow, smooth central cavity. The pycnidia, which are small, flask-like structures that produce asexual spores (conidia])...

scale-like outgrowths thought to function in asexual reproduction where pycnidia are absent. The photosynthetic partner is a trebouxioid green alga (i.e...

photobiont. Asexual propagules are produced in pycnidia (minute flask-like structures) 90–160 μm across. Young pycnidia have a pin-point (punctiform) ostiole (opening)...

extra outer coat (perispore). Asexual reproduction occurs in colourless pycnidia embedded in the thallus. These flask-shaped structures bear simple conidiophores...

nitrogen. Reproductive bodies begin as tiny flask-shaped structures called pycnidia and mature into disc-shaped apothecia that sit flush with the filament...

with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) on the margins of the ruffled lobes. Tuckermannopsis...

diffluent (dissolving into a liquid) and only fragments were observed. Pycnidia were not found in the type specimen. Cyanoporina granulosa was originally...

infected areas split and the lesions produce fruiting bodies called pycnidia. Pycnidia appear as small black dots to the naked eye and can be seen as flask-shaped...

of Pyrenochaeta terrestris. P. terrestris produces dark brown to black pycnidia that have setae with one to five septa and are 8-120 μm long. Setae mostly...

surface is black with sparse rhizines. Apothecia are not observed, but pycnidia are common and immersed with a punctiform (dot-like) ostiole. Conidia are...

present they sit at or away from the margin and have an imperforate disc. Pycnidia are also rare. Asci contain eight simple (one-celled) ascospores, about...

even before its formal description. This lichen is devoid of ascomata and pycnidia, reproductive structures found in many other lichen species. Two distinctive...

apical thickening develops before the cross‑walls (septa) form. Asexual pycnidia may appear along the margin as low black warts about 150 μm wide, producing...

margins, especially the upper parts of branches or lobes. Black dot-like pycnidia are common along the margins and cortical ridges of the upper parts of...

and can be slightly pointed at the ends in some species. Minute black pycnidia, especially along the lobe margins, release straight rod-shaped conidia...

measuring 11.5–13 × 5–6 μm, and lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus is UV−, C−,...

2 mm thick at the base, each branching once or twice. No apothecia or pycnidia were seen. Spot tests show K– and KC+ (yellow) reactions in the cortex...

(bacilliform), simple (without internal divisions), and measure 16–25 by 2–3 μm. Pycnidia, the asexual reproductive structures, were not observed in the examined...

for Sarcogyne macrocarpa. Sarcogyne lichens also produce conidiomata (pycnidia), which are small, immersed structures that produce asexual spores. The...

moderately divided central region (septa). Additionally, Rusavskia may possess pycnidia, which are embedded reproductive structures, and produce ellipsoid-shaped...

simple (non-septate), ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, about 5–8 × 2.5–3 μm. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed in this species. Chemically...

outgrowths) that may elongate into fibril-like structures. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, it contains usnic acid and has been...

blue or, less frequently, pale yellowish-brown to pale blue. So far, no pycnidia (another type of spore-producing structure) have been observed in Reichlingia...

single-celled and colourless. Asexual reproduction is rare: minute sunken pycnidia sometimes occur and release rod-shaped, colourless conidia. Chemically...

Ascospores, uniquely singular per ascus, are hyaline and densely muriform. Pycnidia have not been observed to occur in this species. Chemical analysis reveals...

through thallus fragmentation and small spore-producing structures called pycnidia, lacking functional sexual fruiting bodies. Whiteworm lichens identified...

The central axis is white to slightly pinkish. Neither Apothecia nor pycnidia have been observed in this species. Usnea leana is known to contain usnic...

spread by pycnidiospores. These asexual spores are released from mature pycnidia in a matrix which may appear white or pink. Dissemination occurs largely...

Asexual reproduction occurs in tiny, immersed flask-shaped structures (pycnidia) whose walls are dark brown at least near the opening. These release simple...

ornamented surface. Asexual propagules are produced in abundance. Flask-like pycnidia remain immersed or become slightly stalked; in some species they elongate...

structures, or apothecia, stand out with a darker yellow disc and the pycnidia (asexual spores) appear as darker yellow to slightly brownish depressions...

infection site. Pycnidia develop throughout the growing season within the colonized tissues. Conidia are then produced inside the pycnidia and can be released...

several species or biotypes of Phomopsis that cause stem canker worldwide. Pycnidia, the asexual fruiting bodies, can be detected on the stem and leaf lesions...

nearly straight, and an epispore (outer spore wall) was reported as absent. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed in the type material. Based...

(arranged in a single row), with a pointed lower end and a rounded upper end. Pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed. Chemically, the...

ends of the ascospores are pointed. Pyrenula rubrolateralis does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the ostioles do not react...

by 6.5–7.5 μm, and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. Chemical spot tests on the...

thickened median septum, and are not surrounded by a wide gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus of Astrothelium...

3–4-septate (sometimes 2-septate), macrocephalic, and about 13–18 × 5–7 μm. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are immersed to semi-immersed and spherical,...

typically have 3 septa (sometimes up to five), and measure 50–61 by 4–5 μm. Pycnidia were not seen in this species. No lichen products were detected using thin-layer...

contains vulpinic acid. The species also produces asexual spores (conidia) in pycnidia. Vobis reported the conidia as colourless, single-celled and thin-walled...

well-developed greyish thallus, oil droplets in the paraphyses, and blackish pycnidia. Caloplaca haematommona also differs from Athallia cerinelloides in the...

metabolites were detected by spot-tests or thin-layer chromatography, and pycnidia have not been observed. Apothecia are regularly scattered, orbicular and...

darker brown margin. Ascospores are ellipsoid and measure 30–50 × 12–20 μm. Pycnidia have not been reported. This species is known only from the type locality...

(rarely without a septum) and measure 9–16 × 4–5 μm. Immersed, colourless pycnidia are uncommon; they produce slender, curved conidia 17–21 × 1 μm. The species...

indicating an amyloid wall chemistry. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed. No lichen products were detected in the material examined...

single septum; they are relatively small, measuring 10–12 × 4.0–5.0 μm. No pycnidia were observed. Standard spot tests were negative (UV−, C−, P−, K−), and...

Distothelia, and Novomicrothelia. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed. Standard chemical spot tests (UV and K) are negative...

the tips. In addition to the perithecia, the thallus contains immersed pycnidia that produce curved, thread‑like conidia 10–14 μm long and about 0.5 μm...

"Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. doi:10.1017/S0024282915000201...

horizontal. The spores are ellipsoid, measuring 22 to 27 μm by 15 to 16 μm. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. "Gyalecta perithecioidea Aptroot"...

are polaridiblastic (pierced by a narrow channel) with a long septum. Pycnidia are sometimes present. The shape of the conidia ranges from bacilliform...

finely wrinkled (rugulate) and only slightly thinner than the main wall. Pycnidia were not observed, and thin-layer chromatography detected no secondary...

are Peccania-type and eight-spored; ascospores are simple (non-septate). Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus to slightly elevated and produce small, bacilliform...

surrounding gelatinous sheath and showing no iodine staining reaction. Pycnidia were not observed in the type material. Standard spot tests on the thallus...

disappear when treated with KOH. Asexual propagation occurs in immersed pycnidia that release simple, colourless, ellipsoidal conidia. No secondary lichen...

smooth to minutely wrinkled. Vegetative reproduction takes place in sunken pycnidia, which release colourless, rod-shaped conidia. Chemical analyses have detected...

and arranged in a single row (uniseriately). The species also produces pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) that are laminal (situated on the surface) and...

medulla; however, they differ from Niebla in having pale pycnidia instead of black pycnidia, and often contain pseudocyphellae and more than one depside...

11–13 μm, with diamond-shaped lumina and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. This species is distinguished by a unique...

and 3–4 μm in width. Another distinguishing feature is the presence of pycnidia, which appear as darker yellow dimples on the lichen's surface. In chemical...

apparently by absorbing pigment from the surrounding tissue (hamathecium). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. In spot tests, the apothecia...

sparse to moderate rhizines that are simple to forked and 1–2 mm long. Pycnidia have not been seen in this species. Apothecia are rare, nearly sessile...

surface; they are particularly dense near the centre. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia have been recorded on this species. Secondary chemicals found in the lichen...

to the genus Trentepohlia. No ascomata (spore-producing structures) or pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in this species. Opegrapha...

65–100 × 11–14 μm. They have rounded lumina and no gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. The thallus surface is UV− and K−, and the medulla...

spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 15–30 by 15–18 μm, with rounded lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The reaction of the thallus...

category used for lichens with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia and pycnidia on the margins of the lobes; characteristic of lichens previously classified...

ellipsoid, typically around 10–13 × 5–8 μm (rarely tending more rounded). Pycnidia may be present; the conidia are short and threadlike, typically about 6–10 μm...

any leafy lobes. No spore-producing cups (apothecia) or slime-bearing pycnidia have been observed in this species. In spot tests the inner layer (medulla)...

display a faint violet internal staining reaction in iodine. No asexual pycnidia have been observed, and standard spot tests give negative results, consistent...

thallus is white to pale yellow or dark grey to ochraceous. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed in this species. Secondary chemistry includes aspicilin...

Ascospores are brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, measuring 15-19 x 6-7 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in warts, producing bacilliform conidia. Spot tests conducted...

measuring 20–25 by 6.5–7.5 μm, and have diamond-shaped lumina when mature. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in the species. The thallus and pseudostroma...

spores may contain red oil droplets. No secondary reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed in this species, and chemical tests have not detected...

swollen tips. The genus also produces asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia), which are small, brown, and located on the sides of the branches. These...

gelatinous sheath about 5 μm wide, with lumina arranged somewhat spirally. Pycnidia were not observed. Chemical spot tests show that the thallus and thalline...

inserted singly along the edge of the spongiostratum. No apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures) have been reported. Spot tests...

thin epispore may sometimes be visible in potassium hydroxide solution. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not reported in the original description...

and dark veins. Apothecia are few and only found on erect lobes, while pycnidia are marginal and black. Ascospores are acicular and straight, with rounded...

with the upper cell slightly larger. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata are negative in standard...

0 to 10.5 μm), with rounded ends. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata are negative in standard...

asexual spores in tiny flask-shaped pycnidia embedded within wart-like swellings of the thallus. These pycnidia release very small, rod-shaped conidia...

thalli that have flattened branches are similar to Niebla flabellata. Pycnidia are prominent on the upper parts of branches, and appear to be among the...

are hyaline, simple, broadly ellipsoid, and measure 3.5–5.5 × 2–2.5 μm. Pycnidia were not observed, and thin-layer chromatography did not detect secondary...

species was established as distinct on account of its unusually large pycnidia (spore-producing structures) and conidia compared to related taxa, especially...

broadly spindle-shaped, simple (not divided by septa), and colourless. The pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores) are embedded in the thallus, and...

species feature lateral apothecia, pycnidia on the thallus margin, a layer of cortical tissue beneath the wall of the pycnidia, and bacillariform (short cylindrical)...

species typically does not produce secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia. Perigrapha superveniens appears to be an obligate parasite, meaning it...

contain eight simple, spherical ascospores that are 2.5 to 5 μm in diameter. Pycnidia, which produce asexual spores, are abundant on the thallus surface and...

long-ellipsoid in shape and do not have a surrounding gelatinous sheath. No pycnidia (structures for asexual reproduction) were observed. Chemically, both the...

9–14 × 3.5–6 μm, a few bearing a tiny hyaline hair at one end. Immersed pycnidia are common; they release straight, rod-shaped conidia 7–17 × 1–1.5 μm....

do not have a surrounding gelatinous layer. The species does not form pycnidia, which are structures that produce asexual spores. Chemically, the thallus...

clavate, 3–5-septate, 25–29 × 5–6 μm (rounded above, pointed below). Pycnidia were not observed. In terms of chemistry, the thallus is UV−, C−, P−, K−;...

holdfasts), which are simple to forked and 0.5–1 mm long. Small black pycnidia are common; they produce straight, cylindrical conidia about 5–6 μm long...

warted surfaces. Asexual reproduction is poorly understood; conventional pycnidia have not been seen, but some hyphae bear conidiogenous cells that bud off...

upper margin of the thallus; soredia are granular with a bluish colour. Pycnidia and apothecia are absent. The photobiont of Peltigera vainioi is a species...

are sparse, simple and restricted to the centre. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia were seen in the type collection, so spore dimensions remain unknown. Parmotrema...

not well developed in the studied material (about 10.5–14 × 6–8.5 μm). Pycnidia were not observed. The type specimen was collected on volcanic rock in...

and variably septate, measuring between 30.0 and 60.0 by 2.5 to 5.0 μm. Pycnidia, an asexual reproductive structure, have not been observed to occur in...

ascospores are ellipsoid and non-septate (sometimes poorly developed). Pycnidia have not been observed. The species is known from northwestern Mexico in...

produced on the underside of more or less horizontal lobes. Apothecia and pycnidia are unknown for this species. Its secondary chemistry comprises trace amounts...

reproductive structures, such as apothecia (disc-like fruiting bodies) or pycnidia (flask-shaped structures), have been observed in this species. When tested...

and colorless, although two-celled spores were occasionally observed. Pycnidia are immersed and can be large, producing small rod-shaped conidia. Henssen...

uppermost cell is not enlarged. While its asexual reproductive structures, pycnidia, are rare, they are immersed in the thallus and black, with a pale green...

it has a strongly wrinkled texture. Apothecia are absent, but there are pycnidia that appear as small black dots both immersed in the thallus and elevated...

spindle- to cylinder-shaped, and divided by 5–15 cross-walls (septa). Pycnidia are rare; when present, they produce very small conidia about 2–5 × about...

diahyphal mass (the underlying reproductive tissue) is greenish. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. Ferraro and colleagues reported...