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Quarter-inch cartridge

For other uses, see Cartridge (disambiguation).

Quarter inch cartridge tape (abbreviated QIC, commonly pronounced "quick") is a magnetic tape data storage format introduced by 3M in 1972,[1] with derivatives still in use as of 2016. QIC comes in a rugged enclosed package of aluminum and plastic that holds two tape reels driven by a single belt in direct contact with the tape. The tape was originally 1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) wide and anywhere from 300 to 1,500 feet (91 to 457 m) long. Data is written linearly along the length of the tape in one track[1] (mostly on pre-1980 equipment), or written "serpentine", one track at a time, the drive reversing direction at the end of the tape, and each track's data written in the opposite direction to its neighbor. Since its introduction, it has been widely used, and many variations exist. There is a QIC trade association that publishes QIC standards which include interfaces and logical formats. To a very large extent it was the efficiency and openness of this organization which encouraged hardware and software developers to use this type of drive and media.

Quarter inch cartridges: left, 400MB (QIC-EX); right, 120MB (QIC-80)

Features of QIC

The QIC cartridge is distinguished from other types of tape cartridges by containing an endless drive belt which is moved at a uniform speed by a motorised capstan. Since the belt is in contact with the tape, this ensures both that the tape moves at uniform speed, and that neutral tension is maintained at all times. This is in contrast to cassette tapes or DATs, where the tape is moved past the head by a capstan and pinch wheel, but the takeup reel is driven by a servo motor or slipping clutch.

The tape in a QIC cartridge is not physically attached to the reels and is never completely unwound. This is again different from other cassettes or cartridges, which generally have some form of clip anchoring on at least one end of the tape. To ensure that the tape is never completely unwound, each end has a small beginning or end of tape hole which is detected by an optical sensor, and an "early warning" hole further from each end. If a defective drive—for example with fluff in a sensor—winds the tape past the BOT or EOT marker, the tape will detach from the spool and the cartridge will be unusable unless it is reattached.

The design of the QIC tape cartridge is very robust: the aluminium baseplate is 1⁄10 inch (2.54 mm) thick, and the robust plastic cover can withstand abuse and impacts that would damage other tape formats.

However, because the tape is belt-driven, seeking back and forth can eventually cause the tape to become unevenly tensioned. It is therefore necessary to periodically retension the cartridge. This is accomplished by winding the tape from beginning to end and back in one operation, allowing the belt to equalize itself. For newer QIC drives that use a SCSI interface, there is a SCSI "RETENSION" command to do this.

When the cartridge gets old, the belt may not provide enough friction to turn the takeup spool smoothly. When this happens, the tape will need to be replaced.

In some cases a cartridge must be formatted before use. The capability to do this is in the drive rather than the host computer.

Generations

3M Data Cartridge (DC)

QIC DC 600A cassette
SunOS 4.1.1 QIC-24 tape

The first QIC tape format was the 5+7⁄8 inches (150 mm) by 3+7⁄8 inches (98 mm) Data Cartridge (DC) format with two internal belt-driven reels and a metal base. The original product, the DC300, has 300 feet of tape and holds 200 kilobytes. Various QIC DC recording formats have appeared over the years,[2] including:

  • QIC-11: a four-track format giving 20 MB on a 450 ft DC300XL cartridge[3]
  • QIC-24: nine-track, 45 MB or 60 MB on a 450 or 600 ft DC600A cartridge, respectively[4]
  • QIC-120: 15-track, 125 MB, DC6150 cartridge[5]
  • QIC-150: 18-track, 150 MB, DC6150 cartridge[6]
  • QIC-525: 26-track, 525 MB on a 1020 ft DC6525 cartridge[7]
  • QIC-1350: 30-track, 1.35 GB on a DC9135 cartridge[8]

Other QIC DC standards include the QIC-02 and QIC-36 drive interface standards. Later QIC DC drives usually use the QIC-104/111 SCSI and QIC-121 SCSI-2 interfaces.[5][9]

Other Data Cartridge (DC) look-alikes:

  • 3M DC600HC, a preformatted tape with 16 tracks on 600 foot DC600A and software-based EOT/BOT detection. HP used these in the HP914x type of cartridge drives.

QIC Mini Cartridge (MC)

Later, the smaller Minicartridge (MC) form-factor was introduced. This is 2+3⁄8 inches (60 mm) by 3+1⁄8 inches (79 mm) size and is small enough to fit in a 3+1⁄2-inch (90 mm) drive bay.

  • QIC-40
    • 20-track DC2000 mini-cartridge 205 ft. 40 MB [10]
    • 20-track DC2000XL mini-cartridge 307½ ft. 60 MB[10]
  • QIC-80
    • 28-track DC2080 mini-cartridge 205 ft. 80 MB[11]
    • 28-track DC2120 mini-cartridge 307½ ft. 120 MB[10]

The QIC-40 and QIC-80 were designed to use the same floppy disk controller as a standard floppy drive,[12] with MFM or RLL encoding.[13]

Travan (TR)

40GB Travan tape cartridge
Main article: Travan

Travan is an evolution of the QIC Minicartridge format, sold for personal computer use. This version, developed by 3M, uses a longer and wider (8 mm) tape to give higher capacities.[14]

Format Capacity (MB) Speed (kB/s) Tracks
QIC-80 80-500 62.5 28/36
TR-1 400 62.5 36
TR-1EX 500 62.5 36
QIC-3010 340 62.5 40/50
TR-2 800 62.5 50
QIC-3020 670 62.5 40/50
TR-3 1,600 125 50
TR-3EX 2,200 125 50
QIC-3080 1,200-1,600 125 60/72
TR-4 4,000 1024 72
QIC-3095 4,000 1024 72
TR-5 10,000 1024 108

SLR

Main article: Scalable Linear Recording

SLR is Tandberg Data's name for its line of high-capacity QIC data cartridge drives. As of 2005, Tandberg was the only manufacturer of SLR/QIC drives in the world. The largest SLR drive can hold 70 GB of data (140 GB compressed).[1]

QIC-Wide

A variant from Sony that uses a wider .315 inch (8 mm) tape and increases the recording density. QIC-Wide drives are backwards compatible with QIC tapes.[15]

QIC-EX

QIC Extra, a modification to support longer tapes and thus more data by the Verbatim Corporation, was made possible by making the cartridges physically longer to accommodate larger spools.[16] In many cases a standard QIC drive and backup package can use the extended length to store additional data, however in some cases an attempt to reformat a QIC-EX cartridge fails since the time taken to traverse the extra length triggers a timeout in the drive or controlling software intended to detect a broken tape.

QIC-157

An interface standard for tape drives using the ATAPI (IDE) interface.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Larry Coyne (2011). IBM Tape Library Guide for Open Systems. p. 9. ISBN 978-0738435558.
  2. ^ "QIC Standards Cross Reference". www.qic.org.
  3. ^ "New on the Market: TG-4020 and TG-4045". PC Magazine. July 1983. p. 560.
  4. ^ James Winsor (2003). Solaris Operating Environment System Administrator's Guide. p. 245. ISBN 978-0131014015.
  5. ^ a b M. David Stone (October 16, 1990). "Backing Up: Guide to Media Choices". PC Magazine. p. 283.
  6. ^ M. David Stone (October 16, 1990). "QIC 150 Tape Drives: The Rising Star for Backup". PC Magazine. p. 270.
  7. ^ J.K. Petersen (2002). The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 768.
  8. ^ Oliver Rist (April 14, 1992). "Backup Alternatives: What's Out There". PC Magazine. p. 196.
  9. ^ John Black, ed. (1992). The System Engineers Handbook (1st ed.). p. 324. ISBN 978-0121028206.
  10. ^ a b c "Everex Systems Excel 60F". InfoWorld: 58, 62. July 23, 1990.
  11. ^ Andrei Khurshudov (2001). The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage: From Floppy to DVD. Prentice Hall. p. 140. ISBN 978-0130927392.
  12. ^ Catherine D. Miller (August 1989). "Beyond Floppy Disks: A Look at Backup Alternatives". PC Magazine.
  13. ^ Scott Mueller (2003). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (14th ed.). Que. p. 698.
  14. ^ Evi Nemeth; Garth Snyder; Scott Seebass; Trent Hein (2000). Unix System Administration Handbook (3rd ed.). pp. 172, 175. ISBN 978-0-13-020601-5.
  15. ^ M. David Stone (February 7, 1995). "The Bigger Backup". PC Magazine. p. 238.
  16. ^ "PC Magazine Encyclopedia: Definition of: QIC-EX". PC Magazine. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  17. ^ "PC Magazine Encyclopedia: Definition of: QIC-157". PC Magazine.
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