Remanence

Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed.^[1] Colloquially, when a magnet is "magnetized", it has remanence.^[2] The remanence of magnetic materials provides the magnetic memory in magnetic storage devices, and is used as a source of information on the past Earth's magnetic field in paleomagnetism. The word remanence is from remanent + -ence, meaning "that which remains".^[3] The origins of remanence originate from some point after 1850.^[4]

The equivalent term residual magnetization is generally used in engineering applications. In transformers, electric motors and generators a large residual magnetization is not desirable (see also electrical steel) as it is an unwanted contamination, for example, a magnetization remaining in an electromagnet after the current in the coil is turned off. Where it is unwanted, it can be removed by degaussing.

Sometimes the term retentivity is used for remanence measured in units of magnetic flux density.^[5]

Types

Saturation remanence

The default definition of magnetic remanence is the magnetization remaining in zero field after a large magnetic field is applied (enough to achieve saturation).^[1] The effect of a magnetic hysteresis loop is measured using instruments such as a vibrating sample magnetometer; and the zero-field intercept is a measure of the remanence. In physics this measure is converted to an average magnetization (the total magnetic moment divided by the volume of the sample) and denoted in equations as M_r. If it must be distinguished from other kinds of remanence, then it is called the saturation remanence or saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM) and denoted by M_rs.

In engineering applications the residual magnetization is often measured using a B-H analyzer, which measures the response to an AC magnetic field (as in Fig. 1). This is represented by a flux density B_r. This value of remanence is one of the most important parameters characterizing permanent magnets; it measures the strongest magnetic field they can produce. Neodymium magnets, for example, have a remanence approximately equal to 1.3 Tesla.

Isothermal remanence

Often a single measure of remanence does not provide adequate information on a magnet. For example, magnetic tapes contain a large number of small magnetic particles (see magnetic storage), and these particles are not identical. Magnetic minerals in rocks may have a wide range of magnetic properties (see rock magnetism). One way to look inside these materials is to add or subtract small increments of remanence. One way of doing this is first demagnetizing the magnet in an AC field, and then applying a field H and removing it. This remanence, denoted by M_r(H), depends on the field.^[6] It is called the initial remanence^[7] or the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM).^[8]

Another kind of IRM can be obtained by first giving the magnet a saturation remanence in one direction and then applying and removing a magnetic field in the opposite direction.^[6] This is called demagnetization remanence or DC demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like M_d(H), where H is the magnitude of the field.^[9] Yet another kind of remanence can be obtained by demagnetizing the saturation remanence in an ac field. This is called AC demagnetization remanence or alternating field demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like M_af(H).

If the particles are noninteracting single-domain particles with uniaxial anisotropy, there are simple linear relations between the remanences.^[6]

Anhysteretic remanence

Another kind of laboratory remanence is anhysteretic remanence or anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM). This is induced by exposing a magnet to a large alternating field plus a small DC bias field. The amplitude of the alternating field is gradually reduced to zero to get an anhysteretic magnetization, and then the bias field is removed to get the remanence. The anhysteretic magnetization curve is often close to an average of the two branches of the hysteresis loop,^[10] and is assumed in some models to represent the lowest-energy state for a given field.^[11] There are several ways for experimental measurement of the anhysteretic magnetization curve, based on fluxmeters and DC biased demagnetization.^[12] ARM has also been studied because of its similarity to the write process in some magnetic recording technology^[13] and to the acquisition of natural remanent magnetization in rocks.^[14]

Examples

Material	Remanence	References
Ferrite (magnet)	0.35 T (3,500 G)	^[15]
Samarium-cobalt magnet	0.82–1.16 T (8,200–11,600 G)	^[16]
AlNiCo 5	1.28 T (12,800 G)
Neodymium magnet	1–1.3 T (10,000–13,000 G)	^[16]
Steels	0.9–1.4 T (9,000–14,000 G)	^[17]^[18]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Chikazumi 1997
^ Strictly speaking, it is still in the Earth's field, but that has little effect on the remanence of a hard magnet.
^ "remanence | Origin and meaning of remanence by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
^ "5.01.3.1 Early Observation of the Remanence of Rocks". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
^ "Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling".
^ ^a ^b ^c Wohlfarth 1958
^ McCurrie & Gaunt 1966
^ Néel 1955
^ Pfeiffer 1990
^ Bozorth 1993
^ Jiles & Atherton 1986
^ Nowicki 2018
^ Jaep 1969
^ Banerjee & Mellema 1974
^ "Amorphous Magnetic Cores". Hill Technical Sales. 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ ^a ^b Juha Pyrhönen; Tapani Jokinen; Valéria Hrabovcová (2009). Design of Rotating Electrical Machines. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-470-69516-6.
^ "COBALT: Essential to High Performance Magnetics" (PDF). Arnold Magnetic Technologies. 2012.
^ Fitzgerald, A.E.; Kingsley, Charles Jr.; Umans, Stephen D. (2003). Electric Machinery (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 688 pages. ISBN 978-0-07-366009-7.

References

Banerjee, S. K.; Mellema, J. P. (1974). "A new method for the determination of paleointensity from the A.R.M. properties of rocks". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23 (2): 177–184. Bibcode:1974E&PSL..23..177B. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(74)90190-3.
Bozorth, Richard M. (1993) [Reissue of 1951 publication]. Ferromagnetism. AN IEEE Press Classic Reissue. Wiley-IEEE Press. ISBN 0-7803-1032-2.
Chikazumi, Sōshin (1997). Physics of Ferromagnetism. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-851776-9.
Jaep, W. F. (1969). "Anhysteretic magnetization of an assembly of single-domain particles". J. Appl. Phys. 40 (3): 1297–1298. Bibcode:1969JAP....40.1297J. doi:10.1063/1.1657638.
Jiles, D. C.; Atherton, D. L. (1986). "Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis". J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 61 (1–2): 48–60. Bibcode:1986JMMM...61...48J. doi:10.1016/0304-8853(86)90066-1.
McCurrie, R. A.; Gaunt, P. (1966). "The magnetic properties of platinum cobalt near the equiatomic composition part I. the experimental data". Phil. Mag. 13 (123): 567–577. Bibcode:1966PMag...13..567M. doi:10.1080/14786436608212648.
Néel, Louis (1955). "Some theoretical aspects of rock magnetism" (PDF). Adv. Phys. 4 (14): 191–243. Bibcode:1955AdPhy...4..191N. doi:10.1080/00018735500101204.
Nowicki, M. (2018). "Anhysteretic Magnetization Measurement Methods for Soft Magnetic Materials". Materials. 11 (10): 2021. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.2021N. doi:10.3390/ma11102021. PMC 6213293. PMID 30340358.
Pfeiffer, H. (1990). "Determination of anisotropy field distribution in particle assemblies taking into account thermal fluctuations". Physica Status Solidi. 118 (1): 295–306. Bibcode:1990PSSAR.118..295P. doi:10.1002/pssa.2211180133.
Wohlfarth, E. P. (1958). "Relations between different modes of acquisition of the remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic particles". J. Appl. Phys. 29 (3): 595–596. Bibcode:1958JAP....29..595W. doi:10.1063/1.1723232.