Construction on the store began in 1987 and was completed in 1990. The company initially contracted to build the structure withdrew after the chairman of Sampoong Group's construction division, Lee Joon, demanded changes to the concrete support columns that introduced structural concerns. Lee Joon ultimately used his own company to complete construction. Investigators blamed the collapse primarily on the column specifications which were incorrect for a flat-slab building design.
On December 27, 1995, Lee Joon was convicted of criminal negligence and sentenced to 10 years and 6 months imprisonment. His sentence was later lessened to 7 years and 6 months on appeal. His son, Lee Han-sang, was convicted of corruption and accidental homicide and sentenced to 7 years imprisonment. Additionally, two city planners from the Seocho District of Seoul were convicted of taking bribes.[3]: 112
Background
In the events leading up to the 1988 Summer Olympics, there was a large development boom in the Seoul Capital Area. Because of bans against international construction contractors signing contracts for projects in Seoul at the time, almost all buildings were being erected by South Korean companies, which typically built the structures quickly because of the large number of projects assigned to them.[3]
The Sampoong Group began construction of the Sampoong Department Store in 1987 over a tract of land in the Seocho District previously used as a landfill. The building's plans originally called for a residential apartment building with four floors to be built by Woosung Construction.[3] However, during construction, the blueprints were changed by the future chairman of Sampoong Group's construction division, Lee Joon, to instead create a large department store. This involved cutting away a number of support columns to install escalators and the addition of a fifth floor (originally meant as a roller skating rink but later changed to a food court).[3][4][5]
Woosung refused to carry out these changes due to serious structural concerns. In response, Lee Joon fired them and used his own company to complete the store's construction instead.[3][5] The building was completed in late 1989, and the department store opened to the public on July 7, 1990, attracting an estimated 40,000 people per day during the building's five years of existence. The store consisted of north and south wings connected by an atrium.[5]
The completed building was a flat-slab structure without crossbeams or a steel skeleton, which effectively meant that there was no way to transfer the load across the floors. To maximise the floor space, Lee Joon ordered the floor columns to be reduced to be 60 cm (24 in) thick, instead of the minimum of 80 cm (31 in) in the original blueprint that was required for the building to stand safely, and the columns were spaced 11 metres (36 ft) apart to maximize retail space, a decision that meant that there was more load on each column than there would have been if the columns had been closer together. The fifth-story restaurant floor had a heated concrete base referred to as ondol, which has hot water pipes going through it; the presence of the 1.2-metre-thick (4 ft) ondol greatly increased the weight and thickness of the slab.[3]
The store's three 15-tonneair conditioning units were installed on the roof leading to a greater structural strain. The air conditioning was also exceedingly loud and led to noise complaints by customers. As a result of the complaints, in 1993, the air conditioning units were dragged across the overloaded roof, resulting in cracking.[5] The units were moved over column 5E, where the most visible cracks in the fifth floor were seen before the collapse. The cracks in the columns worsened because the columns supporting the fifth floor were not aligned with the ones supporting lower floors, thus causing the load of the fifth floor to be transferred through the slab.[3]
Collapse
Rescue crews at the site of the collapse
In April 1995, cracks began to appear in the ceiling of the fifth floor in the south wing, but the only response by Lee Joon and staff management was to move merchandise and stores from the top floor to the basement.
On the morning of June 29, the number of cracks in the area increased dramatically, prompting store management to close parts of the top floor. However, the management failed to shut the building down or issue formal evacuation orders,[3] as the number of customers in the building at the time was unusually high, and management did not want to lose the day's revenue. When civil engineering experts were invited to inspect the structure, a cursory check revealed that the building was at risk of collapse. The facility's manager also examined the slab in one of the fifth-floor restaurants only hours before the collapse. Five hours before the collapse, the first of several loud bangs was heard emanating from the top floors, as the vibration of the air conditioning caused the cracks in the slabs to widen further. Amid customer complaints about the vibration, the air conditioning was turned off,[5] but the cracks in the floors had already grown to 10 cm (3.9 in) wide.[citation needed]
Firefighter rescuing victim following the collapse
An emergency board meeting was held when it became clear that the building's collapse was inevitable. The directors suggested that all staff and customers be evacuated but Lee Joon angrily refused to do so for fear of revenue losses. However, Lee Joon and the executives left the building safely before the collapse occurred.[6]
At about 5:00 p.m., KST (UTC+9:00), as the fifth floor ceiling began to sink, store workers finally closed off all customer access to the fifth floor. The store was packed with hundreds of shoppers 57 minutes before the collapse, but still Lee Joon did not close the store or attempt any repairs. At about 5:52 p.m., cracking sounds could be heard and workers began to sound alarms and evacuate the building, but it was too late. The roof gave way and the air conditioning units crashed onto the overloaded fifth floor which then gave way. In less than twenty seconds the building's main columns (which had been weakened by the installation of the escalators) failed, followed by all the columns in the south wing. The wing then collapsed completely into the basement, killing 502 people and trapping more than 1,500 inside. The disaster resulted in property damage totaling about ₩270 billion (about US$206 million).[citation needed]
Rescue efforts
Rescue crews were on the scene within minutes of the disaster, with cranes and other heavy equipment being brought in the next day. However, Seoul's mayor, Choi Pyong-yol, announced the rescue would be called off due to concerns that the unstable remains of the store would collapse.[7] After massive protests, especially from friends and relatives of those still missing, Choi and officials agreed to continue looking for survivors, with the remains of the store being steadied by guy cables. At one point, Korea Telecom was transmitting a signal every half hour, designed to trigger cellphones or pagers that trapped survivors might be carrying.[8]
Rescue of trapped victims following the collapse
After nearly a week, the focus was on removing the debris, but construction crews continued to search for victims. Two weeks after the collapse, city officials concluded that anybody who was still in the building must have already died; therefore, further efforts would be made only towards "recovery", not "rescue".
Despite the sweltering heat, some who were not rescued in the first few days avoided dehydration by drinking rainwater. The last to be rescued, 19-year-old store clerk Park Seung-hyun (Korean: 박승현, Hanja: 朴勝賢), was pulled from the wreckage 17 days after the collapse with a few scratches;[9] 18-year-old Yoo Ji-hwan was pulled out after nearly twelve days; and a man rescued after nine days reported that other trapped survivors had drowned from the rain and from the water used for fire suppression.[10]
Casualties
The collapse killed 502 people and injured about 937 people.[1] About 1,500 people were trapped inside the structure. Rescue attempts lasted over the course of many days leading to the rescue of a few survivors, including two that were pulled from the wreckage after a week.[10]
The investigation of the collapse was headed by Professor Chung Lan (Korean: 정란, Hanja: 鄭鑾) of Dankook University's engineering school.[3]: 107 Shortly after the collapse, leaking gas was suspected as the probable cause because two gas explosions had occurred elsewhere in Seoul that year. However, the fires in the rubble were from burning automotive gasoline coming from crushed cars parked in the underground garage, and a gas explosion would have been significantly larger.[11] It was also widely feared that there had been a terrorist attack, with North Korea as the prime suspect. However, the fact the building collapsed downward, with little debris thrown outward, ruled out a significant explosion, according to South Korean and American experts.
Once the investigation focused on structural failure, it was initially believed the building's poorly-laid foundation and the unstable ground that it was built on, both led to the failure. Investigation of the rubble revealed that a substandard concrete mix of cement and seawater and poorly-reinforced concrete was used for the ceilings and walls.
Further investigation revealed that the building was built with incorrect application of a technique called "flat slab construction". Reinforced concrete buildings are often built by using columns and beams, with the floor slab supported over the full length of the beams. "Flat slab construction" does not use beams but supports the floor slab directly on the columns. The area of floor around the columns must be reinforced in order to carry the load; if the columns are too narrow, they can punch through the slab.
Examination of the building showed the concrete columns installed were only 60 cm in diameter, below the required 80 cm shown in the plans. Worse still, the number of steel reinforcement bars embedded into the concrete was 8, not the required 16, which gave the building only half its needed strength. Steel reinforcements intended to strengthen the concrete floor were placed 10 cm from the top instead of 5 cm, decreasing the structure's strength by about another 20%.
Fire shields were installed around all escalators to prevent the spread of fire from floor to floor, but to install them, the support columns were cut, further reducing their diameter. The reduced diameter concentrated the load on a smaller area of the slab, leading to an eventual puncturing of it. Those factors, along with the addition of a fifth floor including restaurants and heavy restaurant equipment, all contributed to the building's eventual failure. The final design had less than half of the required strength but despite this managed to stand for almost five years.
Investigators finally pinpointed the direct cause of the collapse, known as the "trigger" or tipping point, in the building's history. It was revealed that two years before the collapse, the building's three rooftop air-conditioning units had been moved because of noise complaints from neighbors on the east side of the building. The building's managers admitted noticing cracks in the roof during the move, but instead of lifting them with a crane, the units were put on rollers and dragged across the roof, further destabilizing the surface by each unit's immense weight.
Cracks formed in the roof slabs and the main support columns were forced downward. Column 5E took a direct hit, forming cracks at the position connected to the fifth-floor restaurants. According to survivor accounts, each time the air conditioners were switched on, the vibrations radiated through the cracks, reaching the supporting columns and widening the cracks, over the course of two years. On the day of the collapse, although the units were shut off, it was too late, the structure had suffered irreversible damage, and the fifth floor slab around column 5E finally gave way.
Legal
President Kim Young-sam visits the site of the collapse
Trial and prison sentence
During his interrogation with Professor Chung, Lee Joon sparked further controversy by saying that his main concern was that the collapse of the store not only harmed the customers, but also inflicted great financial damage to his company. On December 27, 1995, Lee Joon was found guilty of criminal negligence and received a prison sentence of ten and a half years.[12] Prosecutors originally asked for Lee Joon's sentence of twenty years, but was reduced to seven and a half years on appeal.[13] Lee Joon died on October 4, 2003, months after his release from prison, of complications from diabetes, high blood pressure and kidney disease.[14]
Lee Joon's son and the store's CEO, Lee Han-sang,[14] received seven years for accidental homicide and corruption.[15] Following his release from prison in 2002, Lee Han-sang worked as an evangelist in Mongolia.[14]
City official Lee Chung-Woo, who was a chief administrator of the area where the store was located, was sentenced to three years in jail for bribery.[15] Hwang Chol-Min, a former chief for the area, was found guilty of accepting a ₩12 million bribe from Lee Joon, and was sentenced to 10 years in prison.[16]
Other participating officials, including a former chief administrator of the Seocho district, were also jailed.[17] Other parties sentenced included a number of the store's executives and the company responsible for completing the building.
Compensation
At first, families of the victims were asking for an average of $250,000 each. However, the City of Seoul, representing the store's owner, offered to pay $220,000 for each victim, arguing that he could not afford to pay more.[18]
Two months after the collapse, Lee Joon and Lee Han-sang submitted a jointly-signed memo to Seoul, offering their entire wealth to compensate the families of the victims.[19] As a result, the Sampoong Group ceased to exist.[20]
The settlement involved 3,293 cases, totaling ₩375.8 billion (about $300 million). Payouts were complete by 2003.[14]
The initial reaction of the disaster was an enormous public outrage that led to months of public demonstrations on the streets of Seoul. The disaster led to skepticism and fears regarding safety standards on other engineering projects undertaken as South Korea had experienced an economic boom during the 1980s, and it resulted in a review of South Korean safety regulations; the disaster also revealed the level of corruption and greed among city officials, who were willing to accept bribes with little regard for public safety.[citation needed]
Reforms and new regulations
Following the Sampoong Department Store collapse, inspectors identified key factors contributing to the disaster:
Unauthorized design changes and added heavy loads severely stressed structural elements.
Poor construction management and supervision led to substandard building practices.
Inadequate building and structural planning caused progressive collapse.
Over five years, these issues weakened the structure, leading to the shear failure of slabs around key pillars, resulting in the building's total collapse.[21][22] The disaster spurred significant reforms in South Korea's construction industry, leading to comprehensive changes in building standards and legislation to prevent future tragedies. Several new laws were enacted to enhance building safety and accountability:
Enforcement of Existing Codes: In response to the collapse, South Korea reinforced the enforcement of existing building codes and introduced more rigorous inspection processes. Authorities emphasized the importance of adherence to engineering best practices and mandated that all modifications to original building plans undergo thorough vetting and approval by qualified authorities. This aimed to prevent unauthorized changes that could compromise structural integrity.
Building Act Amendments: These amendments imposed harsher penalties for violations of building codes, including significant fines and potential imprisonment for those found guilty of negligence or corruption. This aimed to deter malpractice and ensure that all construction projects adhered to safety standards.[23]
Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures: This act mandated regular inspections and maintenance of public buildings. It required that all public structures undergo periodic safety evaluations by certified professionals, with results being reported to relevant authorities. This ensured continuous monitoring of building safety and early detection of potential issues.[23]
Construction Technology Promotion Act: Enacted to enhance the safety and quality of construction projects, this law mandated the use of advanced construction technologies and materials. It required contractors to adhere to international standards in building safety and structural integrity, promoting the adoption of innovative construction practices.[23]
Public Disclosure Requirements: The amendments required greater transparency in the construction process. This included mandatory public disclosure of safety inspection reports and construction permits, allowing for greater public scrutiny and oversight. These measures were designed to foster a culture of accountability and public awareness.
Mandatory Reinforcements: In response to the structural failures observed in the Sampoong collapse, new regulations mandated the use of reinforced concrete and steel reinforcements in building designs. This ensured that buildings could withstand significant loads and environmental stresses.
Seismic Design Requirements: Recognizing the importance of earthquake-resistant designs, the government introduced requirements for seismic reinforcements in new constructions. This was particularly crucial given South Korea's vulnerability to seismic activity. New buildings were required to incorporate features that would enhance their resilience to earthquakes.[23]
The disaster was a pivotal event that led to significant reforms in South Korea's building standards and regulatory practices. The new laws and regulations were designed to enhance building safety, improve structural integrity, and ensure greater accountability and transparency in the construction industry. These measures aimed to prevent future disasters and restore public confidence in the safety of South Korea's buildings and infrastructure.
Legacy
Memorial in remembrance of the collapse
The remains of the store were demolished shortly after the collapse and the recovery operations; the site remained vacant until 2000. The families of the victims requested that a memorial be built on the site, but it was opposed by the Seochu District government, forcing the Seoul Metropolitan Government to mediate the dispute. In a controversial move, the memorial was built elsewhere and the land sold off to a private developer.[24] The site of the collapse is now home to a luxury apartment complex, Acrovista Apartments, whose construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2004.[25]
The incumbent Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol was a resident of this apartment until moving to the Presidential Residence 6 months after assuming office.[26]
Memorials
The Yangjae Citizen's Forest has a sculpture made in memory of the collapse. The twelve-meter high marble memorial was designed by Ewha Womans University professor and sculptor Kim Bong-gu, and funded by the Sampoong Group as compensation to the victims.[24]
^"강남 최고의 초호화 백화점, 그 이름은 '삼풍백화점'" [Gangnam's best luxury department store, its name is 'Sampoong Department Store']. Unreadbook (in Korean). June 2, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^
SOUTH KOREA: The Sampoong Disaster. (1995). In Time (Chicago, Ill.) (Vol. 146, Number 4, pp. 33-). Time, inc.
^"'스캔들' 첫 방송일은 삼풍백화점 붕괴 18주년 '우연의 일치'" [The first broadcast date of 'The Scandal' was a coincidence of the 18th anniversary of the collapse of Sampoong Department Store. 'Coincidence'.]. TVReport. June 29, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
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