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The people of Savonlinna had no church of their own and were obliged to go to the church in Sääminki. In 1850, governor Aleksander Thesleff gave orders to build a church in Savonniemi. The actual construction began in 1874.
In 1896, the new Diocese of Savonlinna was founded and the Savonlinna church became a cathedral. The first bishop was Gustaf Johansson. In 1925, the bishop's seat was moved to Vyborg, but the church still retained "cathedral" as its name.
During the Winter War on 1 May 1940, Savonlinna was bombed, and the church was damaged. It was restored in 1947–1948 by architect Bertel Liljeqvist. In 1990–1991, it was renovated by Ansu Ånström.