Semnan province (Persian: استان سمنان)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is the city of Semnan.[5]
The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range, bordering on Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province was made part of Region 1 on 22 June 2014, as the provinces were grouped into 5 regions for coordination and development purposes.[1]
In the Median and Achaemenid times, Semnan was one of the largest provinces of the empires, and corresponded to the borders of the ancient region of Parthia.
During the Islamic era, Semnan was part of the historical region of Gomess or Komesh.
Demographics
Language and ethnicity
Linguistic map of Semnan province
Various ethnic groups with Kurdish, Turkish, Lor, Arab, Baloch and Gilak origins are settled in this province and it is also known as the Island of the Tribes due to the variety of ethnic groups living in the province.[6]
The Semnani languages (known also as Komisenian languages) spoken in the province are a group of Northwestern Iranian languages,[7] (only 68,700 native speakers in 2019[8]) of Iran. These languages are accorded only "dialect" status in some sources. Most of the Semnani languages are descendants of the extinct Parthian while Semnani proper has been placed among the Caspian languages descended from the extinct Median.[9]
There are six Semnani languages named in the literature, these being Semnani, Biyabunaki, Sangsari, Sorkhei, Aftari and Lasgerdi – of which some may only be dialects, although there has been little published concerning the relationships between them.[10]
Semnani proper (Semnani: سمنی زفون), like other Caspian languages, bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language but was influenced by Parthian in a later process.[11]
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 570,835 in 159,791 households.[12] The following census in 2011 counted 631,218 people in 186,114 households.[13] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 702,360 in 215,571 households.[3]
Semnan province is located on the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range. The height of the province decreases from north to south until it reaches the desert. The area of this province is 96000 square kilometers and it is 5.6% of the area of Iran.[14]
Administrative divisions
The population history and structural changes of Semnan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
The province is divided into two parts: a mountainous region and the plains at the foot of the mountains. The former offers scope for recreational activities as well as being a source for minerals, while the latter encompasses some ancient cities of Iran, including one of the capitals of the ancient Parthian Empire.
This forest lies in Semnan province near its border with Golestan province. It is one of the oldest forests in Iran and a remnant of the third geological age. The Iranian Roads Ministry's decision to build a road through the forest sparked widespread protests last year.[when?]
The environmentalists, backed by the country's media, began a wide campaign against the ministry's decision, which finally led the Prosecutor General to order a halt in the construction of the road. However, all these efforts came to naught when it was announced in April 2008 that the government granted permission to the Roads Ministry to construct the road.[citation needed]
^Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pg. 297
^C.F. & F.M. Voegelin, Classification and Index of the World's Languages (1977) lists them as dialects of Persian (pg. 185). Lecoq, pg. 297 lists them as "dialects" as well. Ethnologue lists Semnani, Sorkhei, Lasgerdi, and Sangsari as languages with Biyabunaki as a possible dialect of Semnani and Aftari as a dialect of Sorkhei. Linguasphere lists them together in an outer language called Semnani+Sangisari [58-AAC-f] with Semnani and Sangisari listed as inner languages. Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification (1991) lists Semnani and Sangisari as languages in the Semnani subgroup.
^Davodi, Parviz (c. 2024) [Approved 29 July 1386]. Approval letter regarding the reforms of national divisions in Semnan province. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 93023/42/1/4/1; Letter 58538/T26118H; Notification 160036/T38028K. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024 – via Lam ta Kam.
^Rahimi, Mohammadreza (3 July 1390) [Approved 6 February 1390]. Letter of approval regarding national divisions in Semnan province. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Proposal 13216/M; Notification 115040/T36080H. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2023 – via Islamic Parliament Research Council.
