Siege of Aleppo (637)

Siege of Aleppo.
	Part of the Muslim conquest of Syria; (Arab–Byzantine wars)
	; Aleppo citadel
Date	August–October 637 AD
Location	Aleppo, Byzantine Syria
Result	Rashidun Caliphate victory
Territorial; changes	Aleppo captured by the Rashidun Caliphate
Belligerents
Rashidun Caliphate	Byzantine Empire; Ghassanids
Commanders and leaders
Khalid ibn al-Walid; Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah	Joachim
Strength
17,000	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Minimal	Unknown but more than Muslims

36°11′53″N 37°09′48″E / 36.198133°N 37.16328°E / 36.198133; 37.16328

The siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid between August and October 637.

Background

After the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, the Muslims marched northward deeper into Syria. After taking many small and large cities, both Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and Khalid ibn al-Walid met at Qinnasarin, and they marched to Aleppo, where a strong garrison under a Roman general named Joachim held the fort. Aleppo consisted of a large walled city and a smaller but virtually impregnable fort outside the city atop a hill, a little more than a quarter of a mile across, surrounded by a wide moat.

Battle

The Byzantine commander at Aleppo, Joachim, met the Muslim army under the command of Khalid and Abu Ubaidah in the open outside the fort. He was defeated and hastily retreated to the fort. He boldly launched many sallies to break the siege but failed every time. Joachim received no signs of any help from the emperor Heraclius (who could indeed send none). Consequently, around October 637, the Romans surrendered on terms according to which the soldiers of the garrison were allowed to depart in peace.

Aftermath

Joachim converted to Islam along with his 4,000 Greek soldiers. He would prove himself a remarkably able and loyal officer to the caliphate and would fight gallantly under various Muslim generals.^[1] However, according to Peter Crawford, the account of Joachim's conversion with his 4,000 soldiers is doubtful.^[2] Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah sent a column under Malik al-Ashtar to take Azaz on the route to 'Rome'. The region which the Muslims called Rome included the area which is now Southern Turkey east of the Taurus Mountains. Malik, assisted by Joachim, captured Azaz and signed a pact with the local inhabitants, whereafter he returned to Aleppo. The capture and clearance of Azaz was essential to ensure that no large Roman forces remained north of Aleppo, whence they could strike at the flank and rear of the Muslims as the next major operation was launched. As soon as Malik bin Ashtar rejoined the army, Abu Ubaidah marched westwards to capture Antioch, which was captured after the Battle of the Iron Bridge on October 30, 637.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. 3, p. 98.
^ Crawford 2013, p. 151.

Sources

A. I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Barnsley, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84884-612-8.