Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Skylight

Skylight in the rotunda of Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil in Rio de Janeiro.
Oculus of the Pantheon, Rome, an open skylight.
Skylight in the vault in the Chapel of the Constable of the Burgos Cathedral, a glazed closed skylight from the 15th century

A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass,[1] that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes.

History

Open skylights were used in Ancient Roman architecture, such as the oculus of the Pantheon. Glazed 'closed' skylights have been in use since the Industrial Revolution made advances in glass production manufacturing. Mass production units since the mid-20th century have brought skylights to many uses and contexts. Energy conservation has brought new motivation, design innovation, transmission options, and efficiency rating systems for skylights.

Description

Skylighting types include roof windows, unit skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), sloped glazing, and custom skylights. Uses include:

  • daylighting elements used to allow direct and/or indirect sunlight, via toplighting.
  • providing a visual connection to the outdoor environment to interior occupants.
  • sustainable building—passive solar heating, and with operable units; ventilation for passive cooling and fresh air exchange.
Open skylight

An unglazed hole in a roof.

Fixed unit skylight

A fixed skylight consists of a structural perimeter frame supporting glazing infill (the light-transmitting portion, which is made primarily of glass or plastic). A fixed skylight is non-operable, meaning there is no ventilation.

Operable skylight

An operable (venting) unit skylight uses a hinged sash attached to and supported by the frame. When within reach of the occupants, this type is also called a roof window.

Retractable skylight

A retractable skylight rolls (on a set of tracks) off the frame, so that the interior of the facility is entirely open to the outdoors, i.e., not impeded by a hinged skylight. The terms retractable skylight and retractable roof are often used interchangeably, though skylight implies a degree of transparency.

Tubular daylight device

Active daylighting uses a tubular daylighting device (TDD). Solar tubes, sun tunnels, or tubular skylights consist of a roof-mounted fixed unit skylight element, condensing sunlight, distributed by a light conveying optic conduit to a light diffusing element.[3] Being small in diameter, they can be used for daylighting smaller spaces such as hallways, and bounce light in darker corners of spaces. TDDs harvest daylight through a roof-mounted dome with diameters ranging from about 10 inches for residential applications to 22 inches for commercial buildings. Made from acrylic or polycarbonate formulated to block ultraviolet rays, the dome captures and redirects light rays into an aluminum tubing system that resembles ductwork.[4]

Sloped glazing

Sloped glazing differs from other "skylights" in that one assembly contains multiple infill panels in a framing system, usually designed for a specific project and installed in sections on site.

Pavement lights

Pavement lights are walk-on skylights. They are set into sidewalks, open areas, and well-lit interior floors as laylights.[5]

Prism lights

Prism lights are sometimes used as skylights; they redirect the light passing through.

Solar architecture

Skylights are widely used in designing daylighting for residential, public, and commercial buildings. Increased daylighting can result in less electrical lighting use and smaller sized window glazing (sidelighting), saving energy, lowering costs, and reducing environmental impacts. Daylighting can cut lighting energy use in some buildings by up to 80%.[6]

Toplighting (skylights) works well with sidelighting (windows) to maximize daylighting:

  1. toplighting is able to bring light into centralized areas of a building
  2. daylight is available throughout the day from both ambient lighting from the sky and direct exposure to the sun.
  3. modern transparent and/or translucent glazing can be utilized to avoid glare, aid in capturing sunlight at low angles and diffuse light to wider areas of floor space.

Even on overcast days, toplighting from skylights is three to ten times more efficient than sidelighting.[7]

Materials

Examples of large 19th-century glass roofs

Glass

Many recent advances in both glass and plastic infill systems have greatly benefited all skylight types. Some advances increase thermal performance, some are focused on preserving and utilizing daylight potential, and some are designed to enhance strength, durability, fire resistance and other performance measures.

Contemporary skylights using glass infill (windows) typically use sealed insulating glass units (IGU) made with two panes of glass. These types of products are NFRC-ratable for visible transmittance. Assemblies with three panes can sometimes be cost-justified in the coldest climate zones, but they lose some light by adding the third layer of glass.

Glass units typically include at least one low emissivity (Low-E) coating applied to one or more glass surfaces to reduce the U-factor and especially SHGC by suppressing radiant heat flow. Many varieties of Low-E coatings also reduce daylight potential to different degrees. High purity inert gas is frequently used in the space(s) between panes, and advances in thermally efficient glass spacing and supporting elements can further improve thermal performance of glass-glazed skylight assemblies.

Plastic

Plastic glazing infill is commonly used in many skylights and TDDs. These assemblies typically contain thermally formed domes, but molded shapes are not uncommon. Domed skylights are typically used on low slope roofs. The dome shape allows for shedding of water and burning embers.

Plastics used in skylights are UV stabilized and may feature other advances to improve thermal properties. Lack of accepted standards for measuring light transmittance is a disadvantage for comparing and choosing skylights with plastic glazing.

Acrylic is the most common plastic glazing used for dome skylights. However, Polycarbonate and Copolyester materials are also used as glazing, where additional properties such as impact resistance may be required.[8]

Rating systems

NFRC: rating for visible transmittance

U-factor: expresses the heat loss performance of any building assembly.

SHGC–Solar Heat Gain Coefficient: measures the assembly's transfer of heat from outside to inside that is caused by sunlight.

These properties are labeled in the U.S. as a decimal between zero and one, with lower numbers indicating lower heat transfer rates. Depending on the geographic region, optimal U-factor and SHGC performance will vary. In the sunny southern climate zones, a lower SHGC is more important than lower U-factor. In the cooler northern climate zones, lower U-factor is more important, and higher SHGC can be justified.

In selection of skylights, a balance is sought between low U-factor and optimal SHGC values, while preserving enough daylight supply to minimize artificial light use. Automatic light sensing controls for electric lighting maximize energy savings.

Benefits

Stained glass dome skylight in the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A study concluded that students have significantly higher test scores in classrooms that optimize daylighting, than classrooms that do not.[9] Other studies show that daylight positively affects physiological and psychological well-being, which can increase productivity in many contexts, such as sales in retail spaces.[citation needed]

In terms of cost savings, U.S. DOE reported that many commercial buildings can reduce total energy costs by up to one-third through the optimal use of daylighting. The majority of commercial warehouses and 'big box stores' built in recent years have used skylights extensively for energy/costs savings.

See also

References

  1. ^ Skylight at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ "Skylight Guide". Orange County Skylights. 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  3. ^ "Solar Tube". Orange County Skylights. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  4. ^ Lau, Wanda (Feb 6, 2012). "Lighten Up Tubular daylighting devices turn natural light into a deployable technology". EcoBuilding Pulse. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  5. ^ "Answer Man sheds some light on curious glass panels at the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post.
  6. ^ U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): Federal Energy Management Program; toplighting_final_report
  7. ^ "Daylighting Fact Sheet" (PDF). AAMA. March 2011.
  8. ^ AAMA Skylight Council
  9. ^ HESCHONG MAHONE GROUP (August 20, 1999). Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship between Daylighting and Human Performance (PDF). Archived from the original (Detailed Report) on 2006-05-03.

External links

  • Media related to Skylights at Wikimedia Commons
Read more information:

Sebuah khuppah di Sinagoge Sixth & I di Washington D.C. Khuppah (Ibrani: חוּפָּה, pl. חוּפּוֹת, khuppot, yang artinya kanopi atau penutup), juga disebut huppah, khipe, khupah, khuppa, adalah sebuah kanopi dimana dua insan menyerukan janji pernikahan dengan tata cara Yahudi. Khuppah terbuat dari kain, terkadang dari tallit, dibentangkan pada 4 tiang, atau terkadang dibentangkan oleh 4 orang yang datang pada seremoni pernikahan. Khuppah adalah simbol rumah bagi 2 insan yang seda…

Letnan Kolonel Inf. (Purn.) H.Mochammad Idjon DjanbiH.M. Idjon Djanbi, pendiri dan komandan pertama Kopassus (1952) Komandan KKAD ke-1Masa jabatan16 April.1952 – 1956 Pendahulujabatan baruPenggantiMayor Inf R. E. Djailani Informasi pribadiLahirRodes Barendrecht Visser13 Mei 1914Boskoop, BelandaMeninggal1 April 1977(1977-04-01) (umur 62)Yogyakarta, IndonesiaSuami/istriSuyatmiHubunganRizky Djanbi (cucu)AnakHeru Sulistyo DjanbiTempat tinggalYogyakartaKarier militerPihak Ind…

Permainan Monopoli versi Jerman Monopoli adalah salah satu permainan papan yang paling terkenal di dunia. Tujuan permainan ini adalah untuk menguasai semua petak di atas papan melalui pembelian, penyewaan dan pertukaran properti dalam sistem ekonomi yang disederhanakan. Setiap pemain melemparkan dadu secara bergiliran untuk memindahkan bidaknya, dan apabila ia mendarat di petak yang belum dimiliki oleh pemain lain, ia dapat membeli petak itu sesuai harga yang tertera. Bila petak itu sudah dibeli…

Season of television series Star Trek: The Original SeriesSeason 2DVD and Blu-ray coverStarring William Shatner Leonard Nimoy DeForest Kelley Country of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes26ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 15, 1967 (1967-09-15) –March 29, 1968 (1968-03-29)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 1 Next →Season 3 List of episodes The second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek, premiered on NBC on September 1…

Pertica adalah tumbuhan berpembuluh yang punah yang hidup pada zaman Devon Awal hingga Devon Tengah (kira-kira 420-380 juta tahun silam). Genus ini ditempatkan bersama trimerophyta, anggota terdahulu grup parafiletik yang mengarah pada tumbuhan berpembuluh dan tumbuhan berbiji modern.[1] Pertica Periode Devon Awal hingga Devon Tengah PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubfilumEuphyllophytaKladRadiatopsesGenusPertica SpesiesP. dalhousii Doran et al. (1978) …

Bagian dari seri tentangBuddhisme Theravāda Kitab Tripitaka Pāli (Tipiṭaka) Parakanonika Kitab Komentar Kitab Subkomentar Visuddhimagga Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha Paritta Sejarah Sidang Buddhis Pertama (~543 SM) Buddhisme prasektarian (~543-250 SM) Sidang Buddhis Kedua (~383 SM) Sthaviravāda (~383 SM) Aliran awal (~250 SM) Sidang Buddhis Ketiga (~250 SM) Vibhajjavāda (~240 SM) Theriya Nikāya/Tambapaṇṇiya (~240 SM) Sidang Buddhis Keempat (~100 SM) Dipawamsa (~300-400 M) Mahawamsa (~500-60…

Provinsi Shimotsuke (下野国code: ja is deprecated , shimotsuke no kuni) adalah provinsi lama Jepang yang sekarang dikenal sebagai prefektur Tochigi. Ibu kota berada di dekat kota yang sekarang bernama Tochigi dengan Utsunomiya sebagai kota terbesar nomor dua. Makam dan kuil pemujaan Tokugawa Ieyasu terdapat di kota Nikko. lbsProvinsi lama Jepang Aki Awa (Kanto) Awa (Shikoku) Awaji Bingo Bitchu Bizen Bungo Buzen Chikugo Chikuzen Chishima Dewa Echigo Echizen Etchu Harima Hida Higo Hitachi Hidak…

Zacapa Departemen Zacapa adalah departemen yang terletak di Guatemala. Kotamadya Cabañas Estanzuela Gualán Huité La Unión Río Hondo San Diego Teculután Usumatlán Zacapa Pranala luar www.zacapa.net - Official Website Diarsipkan 2018-12-15 di Wayback Machine. Gualán Diarsipkan 2007-01-26 di Wayback Machine. Interactive department map lbs Departemen ZacapaIbukota: ZacapaKotamadya · Cabañas · Estanzuela · Gualán · Huité · La Unión…

Artikel ini memiliki beberapa masalah. Tolong bantu memperbaikinya atau diskusikan masalah-masalah ini di halaman pembicaraannya. (Pelajari bagaimana dan kapan saat yang tepat untuk menghapus templat pesan ini) Artikel ini sudah memiliki referensi, tetapi tidak disertai kutipan yang cukup. Anda dapat membantu mengembangkan artikel ini dengan menambahkan lebih banyak kutipan pada teks artikel. (Februari 2023) (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) (Pelajari cara dan k…

Bacukiki BaratKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSulawesi SelatanKotaPareparePemerintahan • CamatAndi Erwin Pallawarukka, S.STP, M.SiPopulasi • Total39,329 jiwa jiwaKode Kemendagri73.72.04 Kode BPS7372011 Luas- km²Desa/kelurahan6 Bacukiki Barat adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kota Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Wilayah administratif Peta administrasi kecamatan bacukiki barat Kecamatan Bacukiki Barat termasuk salah satu kecamatan di Kota Parepare. Wilayah Kecamatan …

Dirk FrimoutLahir21 Maret 1941 (umur 82)Poperinge, BelgiaKebangsaanBelgiaPekerjaanAstrofisikawanKarier luar angkasaSpesialis Daya Angkut Badan Antariksa EropaWaktu di luar angkasa8 hari 22 jam 09 menitMisiSTS-45Lambang misi Dirk Dries David Damiaan, Viscount Frimout (lahir 21 Maret 1941) adalah seorang astrofisikawan untuk Badan Antariksa Eropa. Ia merupakan orang Belgia pertama di luar angkasa. Pranala luar ESA Note about Frimout Spacefacts biography of Dirk Frimout Pengawasan otoritas Umu…

Keuskupan MálagaDioecesis MalacitanusDiócesis de MálagaKatolik Katedral MálagaLokasiNegaraSpanyolProvinsi gerejawiGranadaStatistikLuas7.283 km2 (2.812 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2004)1.443.3531,371,185 (95.0%)InformasiDenominasiKatolik RomaRitusRitus LatinPendirian4 Agustus 1486KatedralBasilika Katedral Bunda Inkarnasi di MálagaKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupAntonio Dorado SotoUskup agungFrancisco Javier Martínez FernándezEmeritusRamón Buxa…

Charles Warren Eaton: Shawangunk Valley, c. 1900 Charles Warren Eaton (1857–1937) adalah seorang seniman Amerika yang terkenal karena lanskap tonalis miliknya. Ia mendapat julukan pelukis pohon pinus untuk berbagai penggambarannya tentang pohon Eastern White Pine. Biografi Eaton lahir di Albany, New York dari keluarga dengan pendapatan terbatas. Dia mulai bekerja pada usia sembilan tahun, dan bekerja di toko barang kering di Albany hingga dewasa awal. Ketika Eaton berusia dua puluh dua tahun, …

Istana StockholmKungliga slottetIstana StockholmInformasi umumStatusMasih digunakanJenisIstanaGaya arsitekturBaroqueAlamatKungliga SlottetS-111 30 StockholmKotaStockholmNegaraSwedenKoordinat59°19′37″N 18°04′18″E / 59.32694°N 18.07167°E / 59.32694; 18.07167Koordinat: 59°19′37″N 18°04′18″E / 59.32694°N 18.07167°E / 59.32694; 18.07167Penyewa sekarangIstana Kerajaan SwediaMulai dibangun1697Rampung1760Diresmikan7 Desember 17…

BMW Seri-3 (E90)InformasiProdusenBMWMasa produksiDesember 2004 – Oktober 2011[1][2]Model untuk tahun2006 – 2011PerakitanLeipzig, JermanMunich, JermanToluca, MeksikoRegensburg, JermanPretoria, Afrika Selatan6th of October City, Mesir[3]Kaliningrad, Rusia[4]Shenyang, Tiongkok[5]Chennai, India[6] (CKD) Selangor, Malaysia[7][8]PerancangJoji Nagashima (Sedan: 2002)[1]Marc Michael Markefka (Coupe, Convertible: 2003)[9…

Angkatan Udara Suriahالْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ السُّورِيَّةُal-Quwwāt al-Jawwīyah al-ʿArabīyah as-SūrīyahLambang Angkatan Udara SuriahDibentuk1948; 75 Tahun laluNegara SuriahTipe unitAngkatan UdaraPeranPertempuran UdaraJumlah personel15,000[1]Bagian dari Angkatan Bersenjata SuriahHeadquartersDamaskusHimneWe are the Eagles (Arab: نَحْنُ النُّسُورُ, romanized: Naḥn-un-Nusūrcode: ar is depre…

For broader coverage of this topic, see Lists of atheists. Atheists with surnames starting T, U, V, W, X, Y or Z, sortable by the field for which they are mainly known and nationality. Name Dates Known as / for Who Reference Eddie Tabash – Atheist activist American lawyer, atheist activist and debater. It is long overdue for Atheistic arguments to be given a seat at the table of the marketplace of ideas in today's world. I have established this website in the hope of providing a platform for t…

Esmond KnightLahirEsmond Penington Knight(1906-05-04)4 Mei 1906East Sheen, Surrey, InggrisMeninggal23 Februari 1987(1987-02-23) (umur 80)London, InggrisPekerjaanPemeran, pelatih dialogTahun aktif1928–1987Suami/istriFrances Clare ​ ​(m. 1929; bercerai 1946)​ Nora Swinburne ​ ​(m. 1946)​AnakRosalind KnightKarier militerPengabdian Britania RayaDinas/cabangAngkatan Laut Kerajaan InggrisLama dinas…

Angkatan Udara Estonia (bahasa Estonia : Õhuvägi) adalah cabang penerbangan dari Angkatan Pertahanan Estonia. Angkatan udara menelusuri sejarahnya hingga tahun 1918, dan didirikan kembali dalam bentuknya yang sekarang pada tahun 1991.[1]Angkatan Udara EstoniaÕhuvägiLambang Angkatan Udara EstoniaAktif1918–1940 1991–SekarangNegara EstoniaCabangAngkatan Pertahanan EstoniaTipe unitAngkatan UdaraPeranPertempuran UdaraJumlah personel1,570 personelMarkasPangkalan Udara Ämari,…

Anunya KamuSutradaraBay IsbahiProduserHasrat DjoeirDitulis olehDjasman DjakimanPemeranNena RosierFanny BautyDoddy SukmaSimon PSTarida GloriaMukhlis GumilangKrisna PurwanaRachmanaSuburPenyuntingNasrul SyawarDistributorPT Bola Dunia FilmTanggal rilis1986Durasi98 menitNegaraIndonesia Anunya adalah film komedi Indonesia tahun 1986 dengan disutradarai oleh Bay Isbahi dan dibintangi oleh Kelompok Sersan Prambors dan Nena Rosier. Sinopsis Sebuah dagelan di seputar kehidupan para penyiar radio, Kelompok…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya