Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on the preservation of traditional values and beliefs. It focuses on a concern with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as degraded in modern society by liberalism.[1] In the United States, one of the largest forces of social conservatism is the Christian right.[2]
As many of them are religious, especially Christian fundamentalists, social conservatives push for a focus on Christian traditions as a guiding force for the country on social issues.[6] This includes advocacy for the presence of religion within the public sphere, such as the display of Judeo-Christian statuary in general and especially during Christmastide and Eastertide, as well as supporting the presence of religion in the education system, along with backing parochial schools, as social conservatives believe that "religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."[7][8]
The United States anti-abortion movement opposes induced abortion on moral and religious grounds and supports its legal prohibition or restriction. Social conservatives supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade and often use the term "pro-life" as a euphemism for opposition to legal abortion.[12] These beliefs are often based on the argument of "fetal personhood".[13][14] Personhood arguments focus on giving a fetus the status of a person which then entitles them to the right to life.[15]Anti-abortion beliefs tend to be associated with conservative Christian groups, especially the Catholic Church.[13]
Opposition to feminism
Social conservatives often oppose feminism, believing that men and women are fundamentally different and their traditional gender roles in society should be maintained. They often promote women's traditional roles as homemakers and caregivers, discouraging women from participating in the workforce, government, or military.[16] A number of social conservatives favor complementarianism with respect to gender roles.[17]
Social conservatives often blame feminism for many social problems ailing American families. They hold that feminism in modern times has created an upsurge in the non-married population, undermined male authority in families, and contributed to the decline of the traditional family. Many cite the declining birth rate due to legalized abortion.[18] Others have cited the rising rate of single mother families due to rising rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock births, and the resulting psychological and economic toll on children. Children of single or divorced parents are more likely to suffer from poverty and to be incarcerated for behavioral problems.[19]
Opposition to pornography is a traditional stance of social conservatives in the United States. Many blame pornography for corrupting children, encouraging sexual violence against women, promoting casual sex, and destroying marriages.[22] Many conservative Christians oppose pornography on the basis of biblical teachings equating lust with adultery.[23]
Social conservatives are concerned with the moral education and possibly age-inappropriate information children receive from sex education classes in public schools. They prefer abstinence-only sex education for its compatibility with traditional Christian ethics regarding chastity and the sanctity of marriage. Abstinence-only sex education teaches that sex is limited to the bounds of marriage, and that premarital sex is unacceptable. Conversely social conservatives oppose comprehensive sex education as it teaches allegedly morally questionable concepts such as birth control, which they believe leads to premarital sex, sexually transmitted infections, and teenage pregnancy.[25][26] The wearing of purity rings among unmarried women is encouraged by social conservatives in order to preserve traditional Christian notions regarding human sexuality.[27]
Opposition to same-sex marriage
Social conservatism opposes same-sex marriage, civil unions, LGBT adoption, and other LGBT rights, as homosexuality goes against fundamental Christian teachings that marriage is between a man and a woman. Social conservatives often believe that homosexuality is abnormal, that the recognition of same-sex unions will promote homosexuality in society, and that children are raised better by opposite-sex couples.[28] Social conservatives are skeptical of the legalization of same-sex marriage, supporting instead laws such as the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Some are more tolerant of civil unions than same-sex marriage, but many oppose homosexual relations of any form.[29] While social conservatives sometimes support basic LGBT rights, they are concerned with "normalizing" same-sex relationships through the institution of marriage. Some conservatives support same-sex marriage, such as Log Cabin Republicans.[26]
Opposition to transgender rights
Social conservatism opposes transgender rights, as it goes against traditional gender roles prescribing adherence to one's biological sex. It opposes allowing transgender people to use their preferred gender identity's pronouns, names, bathrooms, and locker rooms. It also opposes recognition of non-binary genders.[30]
In modern times the relationship between Christianity and transgender people has been strained, as most churches require their members to adhere to what they believe to be their "God-given" gender.[31] Many Christian denominations denounce transsexuality and prohibit transgender people from marrying.[32]
Support for school prayer and creationism
Social conservatism supports school prayer, which has been banned in public schools ever since a series of 1960s Supreme Court decisions such as Engel v. Vitale. Social conservatives have continued to attack the Supreme Court, blaming these decisions for pushing Christianity out of America's mainstream culture.[33][34]
Many social conservatives, mainly Christian fundamentalists, believe that creationism or intelligent design should be taught in public schools in place of evolution. More moderate conservatives support the teaching of creationism alongside evolution, specifically promoting theistic evolution, in which God is regarded as guiding evolution.[35]
Peter S. Wenz explains the support of school vouchers, writing: "Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."[37]
Social conservatives are accommodationists who often oppose secularism, state atheism, and moral relativism, viewing them as threats to the nation's Christian character. They hold that the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state Church nationally, not public acknowledgements of God nor "developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals."[41][42] Such Judeo-Christian heritage includes, for example, the national motto "In God We Trust", the courtroom oath "So help me God", the supplication which begins court sessions "God save the United States and this Honorable Court", "one nation under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance, Congressional prayer, a National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving, among others.[43]
Notwithstanding, socially conservatives Justices in the United States such as Clarence Thomas have argued that the Establishment Clause's purpose was to prevent federal interference with the established Churches of the states within the Union and that the Constitution does not prevent the establishment of state churches with respect to the states (cf. Federalism).[44]
Social conservatives are opposed to gambling, viewing it as immoral.[4][49] As such, social conservatives have rallied to prevent casinos from opening in areas where they are numerically in strength, citing that gambling is opposed to family values.[50] The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism, advanced the argument that "communities with casinos suffer higher rates of home foreclosures, financial distress, and domestic violence", thus calling for people to oppose gambling.[51]
Perceiving the subtle and persevering attempts which are made to prohibit the reading of the Bible in our Public Schools, to overthrow our Sabbath laws, to corrupt the Family, to abolish the Oath, Prayer in our National and State Legislatures, Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving, and other Christian features of our institutions, and so to divorce the American Government from all connection with the Christian religion; Viewing with grave apprehension in our politics, the legal sanction of the liquor traffic, and the disregard of moral and religious character in those who are exalted to high places in the nation.[54]
The 1960s saw a surge in grassroots social conservative activism in response to the successes of liberal politics in changing American culture. Democrats continued to put forward increasingly liberal policy ideas that ran counter to the beliefs of many conservative Americans which mobilized them to protect their interests. Some social conservatives supported candidates such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries. There was a rise of social conservatism that advocated a strong moral code and increased religious authority.[55]
Historians have pointed to the 1970s as a turning point where "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism" really began. Meg Jacobs and Julian E. Zelizer argue that this period saw an increase an activism and concern with personal and social issues which lead to a growth of social conservatism.[56] There are multiple theories on the growth of social conservatism in this period. Some of the possible reasons or combination of reasons for this phenomenon are the backlash to the Vietnam War, the expanded conversation on civil rights, the economic changes in the United States and the overall changes in culture in this period.[57] Some commentators refer to social conservatism and renewed conservative grassroots activism as a reaction to the counterculture and cultural upheaval of the 1960s–1970s.[58] A notable event regarding social policy in the 1970s was the passage of Roe v. Wade in 1973 which recognized a legal right to abortion.[59]
Starting in the 1980s, Ronald Reagan, a prominent conservative Republican, exemplifies the rise of social conservatives in mainstream politics. Reagan appealed to social conservatives who felt marginalized by the growing liberalization of American culture, calling on the "forgotten man" or "moral majority".[60][61] After the tumultuous period of political and cultural changes in the 1960s–1970s, Reagan's moderate traditionalism appeared as a source of needed stability for many Americans.[62]
Social conservatives again became powerful in American politics in 2001 with the election of socially conservative President George W. Bush. It has been argued that many of Bush's policy decisions were strongly influenced by his religious beliefs.[64] During his time in office, Bush would pass influential conservative social policies such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and support an increase in funding of abstinence-only sex education.[65] While President Bush did not strongly promote anti-abortion policies, he supported the movement through an emphasis on parental rights and focus on strict regulation of taxpayer funding.[66]
Electoral politics
In American politics, the Republican Party is the largest political party with some socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Social conservatives predominantly support the Republican Party, although there are also socially conservative Democrats who break ranks with the party platform. Despite this, there have been instances where the Republican Party's nominee has been considered too socially liberal by social conservatives. This has led to the support of third-party candidates from parties such as the Constitution Party, whose philosophies sometimes parallel that of social conservatism.[67] While many social conservatives see third parties as a viable option in such a situation, some high-profile social conservatives see the excessive support of them as dangerous. This fear arises from the possibility of vote splitting.[68] Like any other interest group, social conservatives usually must find a balance between pragmatic electability and ideological principles when supporting candidates.[69]
The American Tea Party movement is generally regarded as fiscally conservatives who tend to avoid social conservative issues.[70] The Tea Party Patriots is officially neutral on social conservatism.[71] While social conservatism tends to emphasize community, faith and family as core values, the Tea Party Patriots identifies its core values as "Fiscal Responsibility, Constitutionally Limited Government, Free Markets".[72] Some branches are opposed to social conservatism.[73] However, independent polls have repeatedly shown that Tea Party supporters are nearly indistinguishable in their views from traditional Republican social conservatives, despite their choice to emphasize economic issues.[74][75][76][77] While not allying itself officially with the Christian conservative movement,[78] members of the Tea Party movement statistically identify with Christianity and social conservatism more often than the general American populace (44%[79] compared to 34%[80] of the population). Some social conservative leaders have criticized the Tea Party movement for "libertarian" and "irreligious" views.[81] Nearly 80% of those in the Tea Party movement are members of the Republican Party.[82]
^Marsden, Lee (December 28, 2012). The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN978-1-4094-7128-8. Even within the secular heartlands of Western Europe and the United States religion began to force its way into the political agenda with the emergence of the American Christian Right as a new force in social conservatism in the late 1970s and in the UK with the issue of fatwas calling for the death of British author Salman Rushdie, promoted by the publication of his book The Satanic Verses, which was declared blasphemous by Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran, in 1989.
^ abQuantz, Richard A. (January 8, 2016). Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN978-1-317-26076-9. Some important narratives appealed to by social conservatives that were not mentioned in Chapter 4 include the America is a Christian Nation narrative discussed earlier; the God Created man as Head of the Family and any other traditional family narrative, such as the Evils of Drugs and the Evils of Sex narratives; and any of the narrative found in the Bible, especially the Genesis, Jesus Son of God, and the Apocalypse narratives.
^ abChambers, Kerry (January 1, 2011). Gambling for Profit: Lotteries, Gaming Machines, and Casinos in Cross-national Focus. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN978-1-4426-4189-1. Historically, Protestant evangelicals, traditionalists, and social conservatives have condemned gambling as immoral and attempted to exert social-norm pressures on others.
^Wenz, Peter S. (February 10, 2012). Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0-262-26127-2. Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religious is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens.
^ abQuantz, Richard A. (January 8, 2016). Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-26075-2. Social conservatives tend to advocate for abstinence education, church attendance, prayer in school, public Christmas displays, patriotism, the military, and gun rights. ... Whereas religion is considered to be in the private realm, social conservatives often argue that the cultural history of the United States makes it perfectly legal to allow some aspects of religion to move into the public sphere. Primarily they advocate the public space be open to the display and expectations of broad Judaic-Christian traditions and often specifically Christian traditions.
^ abcRozell, Mark J.; Wilcox, Clyde (November 2, 2017). God at the Grassroots 2016: The Christian Right in American Politics. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-1-5381-0893-2.
^Chideya, Farai (2004). "The Red and the Blue: A Divided America". Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. pp. 33–46. ISBN9781932360264.
^Seipel, Peter (2014). "Is There Sufficient Common Ground to Resolve the Abortion Debate?". The Journal of Value Inquiry. 48 (3): 517–31. doi:10.1007/s10790-014-9436-y. S2CID145389689.
^Snowdon, Stacey (1997). "DIVORCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN". Advocates for Children program, College Park Scholars, University of Maryland. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
^Blau, Joel; Abramovitz, Mimi (2010). The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN978-0-19-538526-7.
^ abcLewis, Andrew R. (2017). The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
^Josephson, Jyl J. (2016). Rethinking Sexual Citizenship. SUNY Press. ISBN978-1-4384-6047-5. From the perspective of social conservatives, the grant requirements ensure that organizations that support abstinence-only and conservative sexual morality are provided with funding under the program.
^ abLuker, Kristin (2006). When Sex Goes to School. New York: Norton. pp. 101, 112.
^Dombrink, John (2012). "After the Culture War? Shifts and Continuities in American Conservatism". Canadian Review of American Studies. 42 (3): 301–21. doi:10.1353/crv.2012.0018. S2CID143729347.
^Ciment, James (March 26, 2015). Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 513. ISBN9781317462354. Throughout the twentieth century, many evangelicals accepted theistic evolution ... Some Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism, along with evolution, in public schools.
^Scharrer, Gary (July 19, 2008). "Schools in Texas get OK for elective Bible course". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Local school districts got a green light Friday to offer high school students an elective Bible course ... The argument focused on legislative intent. In the end, the board's coalition of social conservatives prevailed, 10-5.
^ abWenz, Peter S. (February 10, 2012). Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates. MIT Press. pp. 7, 91. ISBN978-0-262-26127-2. Social conservatives find happiness on drugs morally despicable.
^Glenn, Brian J.; Teles, Steven M. (2009). Conservatism and American Political Development. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-970601-3.
^Page, Benjamin I.; Seawright, Jason; Lacombe, Matthew J. (December 21, 2018). Billionaires and Stealth Politics. University of Chicago Press. p. 78. ISBN978-0-226-58626-7. The Chick-Fil-A boycott was counterbalanced by a movement of social conservatives supporting the restaurant chain.
^Grem, Darren E. (2016). The Blessings of Business: How Corporations Shaped Conservative Christianity. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN978-0-19-992797-5. By the 1980s, Chick-fil-A was so unique among fast-food restaurants that its Sunday closing policy was the equivalent of a totem for conservative evangelicals, a symbol that represented the proper posture that conservative people of faith could and should hold toward corporate culture or American society in general.
^Warren A. Nord. Does God Make a Difference?. Oxford University Press. First Amendment Politics: At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation, I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause, while liberals tend to favor strong readings. That is, conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights, particularly of religious minorities. Liberals, by contrast, have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities.
^Robert Devigne. Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. Yale University Press. Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment. They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another." The establishment clause, conservatives insist, precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals.
^ABA Journal Sep 1962. September 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God".
^Drakeman, Donald L. (2010). Church, State, and Original Intent. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN978-0-521-11918-4. The more common version of the enhanced federalism argument relates to the possibility voiced by Justice Clarence Thomas that there is something about the establishment clause that "resists incorporation." This argument has been advance in a variety of ways, but the basic point is that the First Amendment was specifically designed to protect the established churches in the states from federal interference. That Congress should make no law "respecting" an establishment of religion is thus read as forbidding laws on the subject matter of religious establishments in the states.
^Moore, James; Slater, Wayne (September 5, 2006). The Architect: Karl Rove and the End of the Democratic Party. Crown. p. 82. ISBN978-0-307-35264-4.
^ abGriffith, Nancy Snell; Raynal, Charles E. (September 12, 2016). Presbyterians in South Carolina, 1925–1985: Mid-Century Change in Historic Denominations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 66. ISBN978-1-4982-3772-7.
^Jackson, Hardy (October 29, 2008). "How Alabama regulates alcohol: a history". The Randolph Leader. The bone-dry churches and social conservatives railed against repeal. One Methodist Bishop declared that only "the rakes, the roves, the prostitutes, (and) the brothel keepers" were for it.
^Mayer, Russell K. (March 6, 2014). Taking Action on Internet Gambling: Federal Policymaking 1995–2011. Lexington Books. p. 56. ISBN978-0-7391-8066-2. ...of conservative ideology, whereby social conservatives oppose the morally questionable activity of Internet gambling, combined with liberal ideological beliefs about freedom from government interference in the personal realm.
^Tyrrell, Ian (March 19, 2014). Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880-1930. UNC Press Books. p. 178. ISBN978-1-4696-2080-0.
^Valverde, Mariana (January 1, 2008). The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN978-0-8020-9595-4.
^ abWylie, Richard Cameron (1901). Our System of Public Education: Is it Christian Or Secular?. The Christian Statesman.
^McGirr, Lisa (2001). Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton. 150
^Di Mauro, Diane; Joffe, Carole (2007). "The Religious Right and the Reshaping of Sexual Policy: An Examination of Reproductive Rights and Sexuality Education". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 4 (1): 67–92. doi:10.1525/srsp.2007.4.1.67. S2CID19893992.
^"Tea Party and Religion". Pewforum.org. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. February 23, 2011. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^Denton, Robert E. (June 14, 2010). Studies of Identity in the 2008 Presidential Campaign. Lexington Books. p. 130. ISBN978-0-7391-4104-5. ...and much of his support base then switched to the other social conservative, Mike Huckabee.
^Perry, L. (August 7, 2014). Mitt Romney, Mormonism, and the 2012 Election. Springer. ISBN978-1-137-36082-3. Santorum, like Bachman, had a consistent record on social conservative issues, which was viewed as an asset.
^Critchlow, Donald T. (June 5, 2018). Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade. Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN978-0-691-18797-6.
^Padusniak, Chase (Winter 2015), "Why You Should Vote Third Party", Intercollegiate Review, Intercollegiate Studies Institute, archived from the original on August 21, 2016, retrieved July 21, 2016, For the socially-conservative American who thinks government intervention has some place in the economy, the American Solidarity Party might fit.
^ abMcKeen, Leah A D, "Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage
Party of Canada" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1740.
^Jones, Mark P. (February 24, 2020). Voting and Political Representation in America: Issues and Trends [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 497. ISBN978-1-4408-6085-0.
^Micklethwait, John; Wooldridge, Adrian (April 2, 2009). God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 95. ISBN9781101032411. He also, to litigate on behalf of socially conservative issues, helped in 1994 to foundthe Alliance Defense Fund, which has notched up more than twenty-five victories before the U.S. Supreme Court and hundreds more before the lower court.
^ abHunter, James Davison (2010). To Change the World: The Irony, Tragedy, and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN978-0-19-974539-5.
^ abcMarcus, Ruth (December 3, 2019). Supreme Ambition: Brett Kavanaugh and the Conservative Takeover. Simon and Schuster. p. 81. ISBN978-1-9821-2386-4. The leaders of three socially conservative groups—the American Family Association, the American Principles Project, and Liberty Counsel--joined with Jauregui to send a letter to the president pushing for Barrett.
^Engdahl, Sylvia (2007). Religious Liberty. Greenhaven Press. ISBN9780737738551. ... supposed the federal law, as did the socially conservative Becket Fund for Religious Liberty.
^Vaughan, Joel D. (June 15, 2009). The Rise and Fall of the Christian Coalition: The Inside Story. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 200. ISBN978-1-62189-212-0. Catholic University's Mark Rozell told The Virginian-Pilot in late 2001 when Pat Robertson resigned as the Coalition's chairman: "Christian Coalition, without a doubt, has been the most successful social conservative organization in this country."
^Deckman, Melissa (May 24, 2016). Tea Party Women: Mama Grizzlies, Grassroots Leaders, and the Changing Face of the American Right. NYU Press. p. 26. ISBN978-1-4798-6642-7.
^Rimmerman, Craig A.; Wilcox, Clyde (October 1, 2007). The Politics of Same-Sex Marriage. University of Chicago Press. p. 245. ISBN9780226720005. In 2003 Ken Connor, president of the Family Research Council, questioned the Republican commitment to fighting for the socially conservative policies that defined the group.
^Gottlieb, Samantha D. (January 2, 2018). Not Quite a Cancer Vaccine: Selling HPV and Cervical Cancer. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN978-0-8135-8780-6.
^Dumenil, Lynn (2012). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History: Men's-YMCA. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN978-0-19-974336-0. He launched the Moral Majority, a voter mobilization and lobbying organization, in June 1979, and he also formed the Moral Majority political action committee to raise money for socially conservative congressional candidates.
^ abGearon, Liam; Prud'homme, Joseph (April 4, 2018). State Religious Education and the State of Religious Life. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 2. ISBN978-1-62564-726-9.
^Farmer, Brian (December 18, 2008). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 174. ISBN978-1-4438-0276-5.
^Josephson, Burack (September 1, 2004). Fundamental Differences: Feminists Talk Back to Social Conservatives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 178. ISBN978-0-585-46378-0. PJI, along with several other California-based social conservative organizations, initiated what they termed a "Parental Opt Out Program," so that parents who wished to could "ensure that their children are not exposed to such controversial and potentially harmful social instruction."
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Nahuel Guzmán UANL Tigres 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Nahuel Ignacio Guzmán[1]Tanggal lahir 10 Februari 1986 (umur 38)Tempat lahir Santa Fe,ArgentinaTinggi 192 cm (6 ft 4 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Tigres UANLNomor 1Karier junior Newell's Old BoysKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2005–2014 Newell's Old Boys 81 (0)2008–2009 → CSIR (pinjaman) 30 (0)2014– Tigres UANL 158 (0)Tim nasional2014– Argentina 6 (0) * Penampila…
GaleriusPatung dada Porfiri GaleriusKaisar ke-53 Bersama Kekaisaran RomawiBerkuasa1 Maret atau 21 Mei 293[1][2]:4, 38[3]:288[4]:146[5]:64–5[6] – 1 May 305 (as Caesar, under Diocletian)[7]1 May 305 – late April or early May 311 (as Augustus alongside Constantius (until July 25, 306) then Severus (until spring 307) then Constantine (from ca. September 307; unrecognized by Galerius' coinage from ca. September 307 to N…
Bismut(III) oksida Nama Nama IUPAC Bismut trioksidaBismut(III) oksidaBismit (mineral) Penanda Nomor CAS 1304-76-3 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChemSpider 14093 Y Nomor EC PubChem CID 14776 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} UNII A6I4E79QF1 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8046537 InChI InChI=1S/2Bi.3O YKey: WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/2Bi.3O/rBi2O3/c3-1-5-2-4Key: WMWLMWRWZQELOS-JOBWJGIYAA SMILES O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O Sifat Rumus kimia Bi2O3 …
2020 song by Cher Lloyd LostSingle by Cher LloydReleased24 April 2020Length2:55Label Universal Polydor Songwriter(s)RaphaellaCasey SmithPatrick Jordan-PatrikiosBoy MatthewsYouthonixCher LloydProducer(s)HitimpulseCher Lloyd singles chronology M.I.A (2019) Lost (2020) One Drink Away (2020) Music videoLost on YouTube Lost is a song by English singer Cher Lloyd from her upcoming third studio album. It was released on 24 April 2020[1] under Universal Music Group as the second single from the …
Jules (Jules Bazile) Guesde Jules Bazile, dikenal sebagai Jules Guesde (bahasa Prancis: [ʒyl ɡɛd]; 11 November 1845 – 28 Juli 1922) merupakan seorang wartawan sosialisme Prancis dan politikus. Guesde adalah insipirasi kutipan terkenal Karl Marx. Sesaat sebelum kematian Marx pada 1883, ia menulis surat kepada Guesde dan Paul Lafargue, keduanya menyatakan mewakili prinsip-prinsip Marxisme. Marx menuduh mereka penjual frase revolusioner.[1] Pertukaran ini adalah sumber pernyataan …
Animasi yang mengilustrasikan penyebaran penyakit menular. Dalam kedokteran, kesehatan masyarakat, dan biologi, penularan atau transmisi adalah perpindahan patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit menular dari individu atau kelompok inang yang terinfeksi ke individu atau kelompok tertentu lainnya. Perpindahan ini memungkinkan suatu pernyakit tersebar secara luas. Proses perpindahan patogen dapat terjadi dengan berbagai cara, baik melalui penularan langsung ketika individu terinfeksi bertemu dengan indi…
Lambang Dewan Ambalan Dewan Ambalan adalah sebuah organisasi dalam gerakan pramuka di tingkat Pramuka Penegak. Dewan Ambalan sendiri merupakan Dewan Kerja yang berada di tingkat gugus depan. Kata Ambalan sendiri berasal dari bahasa Jawa ambal-ambalan, yakni kegiatan yang dilakukan terus menerus oleh sekelompok orang. Ambalan Penegak mengandung pengertian kiasan dasar yakni kegiatan (bakti dan persaudaraan) yang terus menerus dilakukan dalam menegakkan dan mengisi Kemerdekaan Bangsa. Ambalan memp…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang novel oleh Tolstoy. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Anna Karenina (disambiguasi). Artikel ini bukan mengenai Anna Karina, Sutradara. Anna Karenina Sampul volume pertama Anna Karenina, Moskow, 1878PengarangLeo TolstoyJudul asliАнна КаренинаPenerjemahConstance Garnett (initial)NegaraRusiaBahasaBahasa RusiaGenreNovel realisPenerbitThe Russian MessengerTanggal terbit1878Jenis mediaCetakHalaman864ISBNISBN 978-1-84749-059-9OCLC220005468 Anna Kar…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Jejak Petualang – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Jejak PetualangGenreSoft news, dokumenter, petualanganNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliIndonesiaJmlh. musim21Jmlh. episode5299 (pada 20 Juli…
Ewa Kopacz Perdana Menteri PolandiaMasa jabatan22 September 2014 – 16 November 2015PresidenBronisław KomorowskiAndrzej DudaWakilTomasz SiemoniakJanusz Piechociński PendahuluDonald TuskPenggantiBeata SzydłoPemimpin Mimbar KewarganegaraanMasa jabatan8 November 2014 – 26 Januari 2016 PendahuluDonald TuskPenggantiGrzegorz Schetyna Informasi pribadiLahirEwa Lis3 Desember 1956 (umur 67)Skaryszew, PolandiaPartai politikPartai Persatuan Rakyat (Sebelum 1989)Uni Kebebasan (1…
Seseorang mengenakan baju kepok terlipat. Baju kepok, baju leher tinggi, atau baju leher panjang adalah pakaian — biasanya baju panas — dengan kerah pas yang dapat dilipat dan menutupi leher. Sejarah Eropa Pakaian baju kepok telah dipakai selama ratusan tahun, setidaknya sejak abad ke-15. Mereka awalnya dirancang untuk melindungi leher para ksatria yang memakai zirah rantai. Royalti mengadopsi busana leher tinggi, dengan tinggi dan volume kerutan leher yang menunjukkan status. […
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Ahn. SomyiNama asal안솜이LahirAhn Som-yi26 Januari 2000 (umur 24)Changwon, Gyeongsang, Korea SelatanPekerjaanPenyanyiKarier musikGenreK-popInstrumenVokalTahun aktif2017–sekarangLabelMBK EntertainmentArtis terkaitDIA Ahn Som-yi (lahir 26 Januari 2000), yang lebih dikenal dengan mononim Somyi, adalah seorang penyanyi asal Korea Selatan. Ia dikenal karena menjadi anggota grup vokal perempuan Korea Selatan DIA,[1] dan karena meraih pering…
El Atteuf العطفKomune dan kotaLokasi komune El Atteuf di Provinsi GhardaïaEl AtteufLokasi El Atteuf di AljazairKoordinat: 32°28′39″N 3°44′52″E / 32.47750°N 3.74778°E / 32.47750; 3.74778Negara AljazairPrvoinsiProvinsi GhardaïaKetinggian458 m (1,503 ft)Populasi (2008)[1] • Total14,752Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) El Atteuf (Arab: العطفcode: ar is deprecated ) adalah sebuah kota dan komune di Provinsi Ghardaïa, Aljazai…