Songze culture

Songze Culture

Geographical range	Eastern China
Period	Neolithic China
Dates	c. 3800 – c. 3300 BCE
Preceded by	Majiabang culture
Followed by	Liangzhu culture
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	崧澤文化
Simplified Chinese	崧泽文化
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sōngzé wénhuà

The Songze Culture was a Neolithic culture that existed between 3800 and 3300 BCE in the Lake Tai area near Shanghai.^[1][2]

Three radiocarbon dates were taken from Songze culture layers at Jiangli near Lake Tai. Two of the dates were obtained from charred rice grains, returning dates of 3360–3090 BCE and 3540–3370 BCE. The third date was taken from knotgrass and produced a date of 3660–3620 BCE.^[3] Although it is accepted to be the successor of the Majiabang culture, others have suggested that Songze was a successor phase to the Hemudu culture.^[4]

In 1957, archaeologists discovered a site north of Songze Village near Zhaoxiang Town Chinese: 赵巷镇 in Shanghai's Qingpu District.^[5] Excavations have been conducted throughout 1961, 1974–1976, 1987, 1994–1995, and 2004. These revealed three cultural layers: the most recent had pottery from the Spring and Autumn period; the middle layer was a cemetery with 148 graves and numerous artefacts; the oldest layer belonged to a village of the Majiabang culture.^[5]

92 graves have been excavated from a Songze cemetery at Nanhebang.^[6]

The Pishan cemetery contained 61 burials.^[6]

Dongshan Village is located near Jingang Town 18 km west of Zhangjiagang. It was discovered in 1989 and has undergone excavations by the Suzhou Museum (1989–1990), followed by two large rescue excavations led by the Nanjing Museum in 2008–2009.^[7] The site is divided into three areas: area 1 was a small cemetery of 27 burials, all of which had different quantities of grave goods, which has been used to suggest the existence of a stratified society; area 2 was a residential comprising five buildings in the centre of the site; area 3 was another burial ground in the site's west, with 10 tombs.^[7]

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  Songze culture pottery
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  Songze culture pottery
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  Songze culture, bird-shaped pottery

• Chang, Kwang-chih; Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). Goodenough, Ward Hunt (ed.). "Archaeology of Southeastern China and Its Bearing on the Austronesian Homeland". Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific. 86, Part 5. American Philosophical Society.
• Li, Boqian (2012). "Implications of Large Burial Sites of Songze Culture". Social Sciences in China. 33 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1080/02529203.2012.677283. S2CID 144708207.
• Qin, Ling (2013), "The Liangzhu culture", in Underhill, Anne P. (ed.), A Companion to Chinese Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 574–596, ISBN 978-1-118-32572-8.
• Qiu, Zhenwei; Jiang, Hongen; Ding, Jinlong; Hu, Yaowu; Shang, Xue (2014), "Pollen and Phytolith Evidence for Rice Cultivation and Vegetation Change during the Mid-Late Holocene at the Jiangli Site, Suzhou, East China", PLOS ONE, 9 (1): e86816, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986816Q, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086816, PMC 3900649, PMID 24466254
• Wang, Haiming (2001), "Majiabang", in Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Martin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania, Springer, pp. 206–221, ISBN 978-0-306-46257-3.
• Shanghai Qingpu Museum (ed.). "The Songze Culture Site". Shanghai Qingpu Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.