Sonoratown was home to many migrants from the northern Mexican state of Sonora in the mid 1800s.[1][2] Many settled there after having made their way to northern California during the gold rush. The neighborhood became a slum as more and more settlers arrived. In 1914 occurred one of the first marijuana drug raids in Sonoratown, in which police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of the product.[3]
However it was also recognized as a historic site; a 1914 guidebook to Los Angeles told tourists, “Some of the [Sonoratown] homes are old adobe houses that have stood there since the town was young. Sometimes an old adobe is back in a yard, almost out of sight, sometimes it has been so freshened by paint or whitewash as to be hardly recognized, but a sharp eye will find them.”[4]
In the early 1900s the Mexican community began to disappear as that part of Downtown Los Angeles became a desirable industrial center, with many rail yards. Later it was replaced with the New Chinatown.[5]
There were significant populations of French and especially Italian heritage, which were almost entirely dispersed in the course of postwar suburbanization.[1]
Geography
The settlement which became Sonoratown was established in 1732 on the Tongva (or Kizh) village of Yaanga.[6]
Later, the Sonoratown neighborhood encompassed the area which later became Chinatown and included the Plaza in Downtown.[1][7] It was centered on First and Aliso streets (Aliso ran approximately along the route of today's 101 Freeway).[8][9]
A 1914 description placed it “north of the old Plaza and Church of Our Lady of the Angeles [a short distance from] the ancient cemetery where many of the early Spanish settlers are buried,”[4] meaning the Plaza Church Cemetery.[10] A 1924 description said that Sonoratown ran "along North Main Street from Temple Street to the Old Plaza, where it meets Chinatown on the northeast and Little Italy on the northwest."[11]
The Sonoratown precinct, as enumerated by the 1910 federal census, held 3,036 people, the greatest population of all the precincts in Los Angeles.[13] In 1934, it was "the center of a great Mexican population."[14]
Community development
Children and education
An orphans home, or orphanage, was planned for "the Binford property" in Sonoratown in 1882 when the owner, G.E. Long, sold it to a group of women for $2,100.[15] The Los Angeles Daily Times commented:
On investigation the ladies find that they will have to make considerable additions to the building to accommodate the little ones, and Mrs. Mamie Perry has very generously offered to assist the ladies in raising the necessary amount by giving a concert in this behalf.[15]
On June 25, 1882, the Los Angeles Common Council appropriated $7,337 to build a schoolhouse in Sonoratown.[16], and in 1895 a charity kindergarten was established by the Los Angeles Free Kindergarten Association.[17]
Anyone interested in the scientific method of teaching children "through doing" can visit the school . . . . There will be found a number of very little people, whose dark skin, black eyes and hair in many cases attest to their foreign birth or parentage. The American language is to many of them a sealed book, for they are Spanish, Mexican, Italian, Arabian and French . . . .[17]
The Dobinson School of Expression and Dramatic Art[18] presented a children's operetta in July 1905 under the auspices of the Castelar Street and Solano Avenue Child Study circles to raise funds for a playground in Sonoratown.[19]
In 1909, a citizens' committee was reported to favor the purchase of the "old French Hospital" in Sonoratown and renovate it as "a detention home for children," but R.W. Pridham, chairman of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors thought the price of $41,000 to be excessive because of its "location in the heart of crowded Sonoratown." The hospital was forty years old at the time, "with twenty-six small rooms, poorly ventilated and lighted by one small window each. There is no plumbing, and the building is in a state of decay."[20]
The location is anything but desirable. . . . In this place there is absolutely no incentive to a higher or better sphere of life. I would be as particular in selecting a home for these unfortunate children as for my own. I should not care to have my children brought up in the slums of a great city.[20][21]
The Sonora Union Rescue Mission opened a building at 608 North Main Street on August 1, 1907, "for the attendance of the Spanish and Mexican population of Los Angeles." The work was "visiting families, those in sickness or sorrow, holding nightly meetings and making the mission a center of family gatherings [and] Sunday school."[24]
Health
Dr. Louise Harvey was appointed sanitary inspector by the city on May 15, 1895, without pay, to assist the settlement association. The city's Board of Health at the same meeting asked the City Council to print circulars in Spanish "giving the sanitary rules."[25][26]
Three years later, nurse Emelie Lutz was living at the center at $50 a month, with two other workers, Mary Waugh and Maude Foster. Some two hundred problems involving sanitary conditions were investigated each month by the Board of Health. There were also public baths available.[27]
At an early hour in the morning people from the country began to pour into the city on foot and on horseback, in carriages, wagons and by every conceivable vehicle; and, by noon, the space in the neighborhood of the Buena Vista Street Plaza . . . was literally packed and presented a gala appearance.
The procession was very large and fully equalled in numbers and enthusiasm those of previous years, and in the splendor of the decorations was never approached. The triumphal cars were models of good taste and elicited universal admiration. . . . Our lack of knowledge of the Spanish language . . . precludes our giving any report of the orations of Messrs. Del Valle and Oblanda, the orators of the day. The day's festivities were concluded by a grand ball at Turnverein Hall and a number of private balles[sic] in Sonoratown.
In 1888 the festivities began on a Sunday at the Arroyo Seco, followed on Monday with a street procession which was finished with "literary exercises" from a stand built by the side of Pico House.[30]
By 1901, according to the Los Angeles Daily Times, the neighborhood had "almost fallen into its last sleep with the crumbling of age," but it "shook itself wide awake" that year to celebrate with "gay music, pretty señoritas, enthusiastic speeches and stirring gunpowder salutes" during a two-day celebration which included a dance, a concert and "literary exercises."[31]
In October 1882 the City Council received two "numerously signed petitions" from "residents living up near the depot, for the removal of the houses of ill fame which have been opened in Sonoratown."[32]
In 1890, a Los Angeles city humane officer named Wright told the Los Angeles Times that Sonoratown was "noted for its fast youth, but since the suppression of the dance houses in that section, it is no longer the general rendezvous for youth on the downward grade of immorality."[33]
In August 1895, City Council members and police commissioners met in secret session to discuss what should be done about prostitution being carried out on Alameda Street, and a suggestion was made that the women "be removed" and settled in "Sonoratown and the district east of the present quarters."[34] "Why choose Sonoratown or any other congested district of our city?" a letter signed M.F. asked on September 4. "The Second
Ward of Los Angeles, of which Sonoratown forms a portion, is a neglected district . . . . Most of the houses are tenements, often a family of eight living, eating, sleeping and trying to be very decent in two, sometimes three, very small rooms. . . . Why even suggest that Sonoratown is to be the future abode of this evil?"[35]
Deterioration and redevelopment
Sonoratown was noted in the 1880s and 1890s as an "eyesore"[36] with "tumble-down adobes"[37] and "crumbling walls."[38] It had "unmistakable signs of decay"[39] and more than once was denominated as "the seamy side" of Los Angeles.[39][40] One of the problems in the city's enforcement of building standards was the lack of adequate title records for all properties.[41]
The Mexican laws of inheritance are very complicated; and of the heirs of an estate, some might be in Sonora, or Chihuahua or Sinaloa. After acquiring what was supposed to be a good title[,] there was no telling when some wandering boy, who had not been included in the deal, might turn up and ask his share.[42]
As early as 1883, some of the existing adobe houses were "pulled down . . . to be replaced by fine brick stores. . . . It is to be hoped that the early future will see all the adobes along upper Main Street replaced by handsome brick edifices."[43]
By 1887, "nearly all" the property titles had been perfected, the Plaza had been improved and Main Street had been opened, so, according to The Times, "Sonoratown, that has been dead so long, is coming to life in good earnest this spring. . . . Many of the largest property-owners have been working in a quiet way for the destruction of the old adobe buildings, and the erection in their stead of good, substantial brick blocks.[44]
A Times editorial said the plans
will virtually obliterate the old-time Spanish characteristics of the quarter, and Sonoratown will have to seek a new name. It is one of the most eligibly situated, most central and most accessible sections of the city for business purposes, and if the tumble-down adobes and questioned titles had not cursed it, it would long ago have been occupied fully by modern buildings.[37]
In 1895, a Times reporter wrote of Sonoratown:
the wickedness and sin are . . . vicious, there is little restraining or uplifting influence there, and the whole thing is packed so closely together that it is impossible for girl or boy, young man or maiden, or for even the little tots hardly able to navigate themselves, to escape seeing, hearing, almost breathing the horrors that blight their lives, warp their understanding, stunt their physical development and make of them the kind of material with which penitentiaries, reform schools, and jails are fed.[39]
In 1908, efforts were being made to "do away with the wretched so-called 'courts' [multi-family housing] . . . near Buena Vista Street medical college and to abolish the word 'slum' from the history of Los Angeles." Mayor Arthur Harper appointed a committee "to investigate the so-called 'slums' of Los Angeles and check these growing evils. They are striving to make 'the model city' a reality."[45]
Disease lurks at the threshold of these miserable hovels called "homes." Fifteen people are crowded into some of these shacks, where children manage to drag through their sad little lives, despite their uncared for condition and the stifling and fetid air they are compelled to breathe.[45]
Although it is not generally known that Los Angeles has a slum district, there are in that part of the city known as Sonoratown hundreds of unfortunates who live in squalor in the insanitary and poorly ventilated courts erected by greedy property owners.[46]
Civil unrest
Between 1913 and 1919, Sonoratown was faced with civil unrest and police activity.
Unemployment
On December 25, 1913, (Christmas Day) unemployed people held a rally in the Plaza, which was broken up by police force. One person was killed.[47][48][49]
The United Press reported: "Policeman Koengherm says that he saw a Mexican named Rafael Adams press a pistol against the back of Policeman Brown, and Koengherm shot Adams dead before the latter could pull the trigger."[47] The names were given in the Los Angeles Times as Rafael Adames and Alfred Koenigheim.[50]
The police closed nearby saloons "and posted guards wherever other street meetings might be likely." They then raided the headquarters of the Industrial Workers of the World and "found the dead body of Adams . . . and several injured rioters."[47]
During the fighting a dozen arrests were made, and later Police Chief Charles E. Sebastian ordered the arrest of every armed person in the vicinity of the Plaza. . . . The Plaza is heavily guarded today, and pedestrians are kept moving. No further meetings will be allowed, according to orders.[47]
Thousands lined the streets on January 2, 1913, to watch a funeral procession for Adams, and revolutionary songs were sung at his grave.[51]
To minimize the possibilities of an uprising of Mexican residents of Sonoratown, Chief Sebastian has issued an order to pawnbrokers and other dealers in firearms in the North Main and Spring Street districts asking that they refrain from displaying revolvers, pistols, knives and other weapons in their show windows. In addition to this, the chief has asked the dealers not to sell or trade firearms to Mexicans.[52]
A new police chief, Clarence E. Snively, in March 1916 organized a special police force to watch the situation in
Sonoratown. The Los Angeles Times said that police agents "have attended every meeting and a complete record of the incendiary utterances [on behalf of revolutionary leader Pancho Villa] are in the files of the department. . . . No Mexicans were arrested yesterday. The embargo against the purchase of guns by them is complete, and the saloons . . . have discouraged the Mexican trade and refuse to sell any Mexican more than one drink at a time."[53]
World War 1
More than two hundred men were arrested in a U.S. and city government "work or jail" swoop on the Plaza on August 29, 1918. ("Most of the men taken were Mexicans.") They were offered employment picking beets or working in the shipyards as part of the war effort during the Great War. "Wives besieged the jail seeking to have their husbands released."[54][55]
Repatriation
In the early 1930s, with the advent of the Great Depression, thousands of Mexican nationals returned or were sent back to their native country. Some of the cost was borne by Los Angeles County, which spent $77,000 to send six thousand "destitute public charges" to Mexico.[56]
Merchants doing business with Mexicans, especially those in Sonoratown, as Los Angeles' picturesque Mexican section is sometimes called, suffered considerable loss in business as a result of the wholesale departures. In regrettable instances, far too numerous, human vultures preyed upon the simple Mexican folk and got from them for the proverbial "song" their equities in properties, both real and personal. Many Mexicans left behind all of their worldly possessions in liberal payment for rent and other bills they had unavoidably incurred because of unemployment.[56]
"104 Years Old," Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1885 Interview with Ygnacio Francisco de la Cruz Garcia, age 104, who arrived in Sonoratown in 1825 when "there were but eleven houses, all adobe," in the city.
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang karakter Disney. Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat Olaf (disambiguasi). OlafTokoh FrozenBerkas:Olaf from Disney's Frozen.pngPenampilanperdanaFrozenPenciptaChris BuckJennifer LeePengisi suaraJosh GadInformasiSpesiesBoneka saljuJenis kelaminPerempuan Olaf si Boneka salju adalah sebuah karakter fiksi dari film animasi tahun 2013 Frozen, yang diproduksi oleh Walt Disney Animation Studios. Ia di ciptakan di Frozen (2013) oleh Elsa dalam lagu Let it go , Olaf berada di Fi…
SS Monopoli 1966Calcio Gabbiano, U Mnapl, Biancoverdi Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Terza divisa Colori sociali Bianco, verde Simboli Gabbiano Inno GabbianoAliseo Dati societari Città Monopoli Nazione Italia Confederazione UEFA Federazione FIGC Campionato Serie C Fondazione 1958 Rifondazione1966Rifondazione1994Rifondazione2003Rifondazione2010 Proprietario Francesco Rossiello Presidente Francesco Rossiello Allenatore Roberto Taurino Stadio Vito Simone Veneziani(6 80…
Буквы со сходным начертанием: N · Ν Буквы со сходным начертанием: H · Η · Н · н · ዘ · ਮ НазваниеПра-германскоеДревне-английскоеДревне-скандинавское*Hag(a)lazHægl Hagall«град»ФормаСтаршийфутаркФуторкМладшийфутарк Unicodeᚺ U+16BAᚻ U+16BBᚼ U+16BCᚽ…
Election for Lieutenant Governor of Missouri 1928 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election ← 1924 November 6, 1928 1932 → Nominee Edward Henry Winter Frank Gaines Harris Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 795,766 718,226 Percentage 52.47% 47.36% Lieutenant Governor before election Philip Allen Bennett Republican Elected Lieutenant Governor Edward Henry Winter Republican Elections in Missouri Federal government Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1…
1938 United States Senate election in California ← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 → Nominee Sheridan Downey Philip Bancroft Party Democratic Republican Alliance ProgressiveTownsend Popular vote 1,372,314 1,126,240 Percentage 54.43% 44.67% County resultsDowney: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Bancroft: 40–50% 50–60% …
Bharti AchrekarLahir15 Oktober 1959 (umur 64)PekerjaanPemeran Bharati Achrekar (lahir 15 Oktober 1959) adalah seorang pemeran teater, film dan televisi Hindi dan Marathi terkenal yang juga telah melakukan banyak peran televisi dan film yang mengesankan. Ia telah menjadi bagian dari beberapa film dalam perfilman India dan dikenal sebagai Nyonya Wagle dari acara doordarshan yang populer, Wagle ki Duniya.[1] Referensi ^ Bharti Achrekar makes a comeback - Times of India. Diakses tanggal…
Japanese actor Eijirō YanagiBornTakeshi Nagai(1895-09-16)16 September 1895Tokyo or Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan[a]Died24 April 1984(1984-04-24) (aged 88)OccupationActorYears active1913-1982 Eijirō Yanagi (柳永二郎, Yanagi Eijirō) (16 September 1895 – 24 April 1984) was a Japanese stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 160 films from 1940 to 1975. Career A graduate of Ikubunkan Junior High School, Tokyo, Yanagi gave his stage debut at the Yutakuza theatre in 191…
Obina Nazionalità Brasile Altezza 183 cm Peso 98 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Termine carriera 2016 Carriera Giovanili 2001 Vitória Squadre di club1 2002-2003 Vitória? (?)2003-2004 → Fluminense de Feira? (?)2004 Vitória40 (19)2004-2005 Al-Ittihād? (?)2005-2009 Flamengo111 (28)2009→ Palmeiras27 (12)2010 Atlético Mineiro24 (12)2011-2012 Shandong Taishan34 (15)2012→ Palmeiras24 (2)2013→ Bahia13 (3)2014 América-MG24 (…
La calandra di una Giulia Quadrifoglio del 1963; notare lo scudetto Alfa, la griglia laterale a essa e i fari che formano la calandra La calandra è la prosecuzione verticale del cofano anteriore di un veicolo, generalmente composto dalla mascherina forata che copre il radiatore, dai dispositivi di illuminazione e dalla sezione frontale di carrozzeria che li comprende, fungendo anche da carenatura del motore. Indice 1 Storia 2 Significati extra-automobilistici 3 Bibliografia 4 Altri progetti 5 C…
Football tournamentUEFA-CAF Meridian CupOrganising bodyUEFA & CAFFounded1997Abolished2007RegionEuropeAfricaLast championsEuropean Selection U-18Most successful team(s) Spain (3 titles) The UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup was a football tournament that featured national teams from Europe and Africa among players under 18, and was part of the co-operation programme between UEFA and the CAF. Meridian Project The UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup was part of the Meridian Project, a co-operation agreement conclude…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le communisme, le marxisme, un parti politique, l’Allemagne et le socialisme. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Ligue des communistes(de) Bund der Kommunisten Logotype officiel. Présentation Leader Karl Schapper Fondation 1er juin 1847 Fusion de Ligue des justesComité de correspondance communiste Disparition novembre 1852 Siège LondresCologne (après 1848) P…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Garuda TV Bandung – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Artikel ini bukan mengenai Garvis TV yang sebelumnya bernama Garuda Vision. Garuda TV BandungPT Bandung Persada Tivi DigitalBandung, Jawa Bar…
This article is about the 1977 Terry Gilliam film. For the 1971 animated short, see Jabberwocky (1971 film). 1977 British filmJabberwockyTheatrical re-release posterDirected byTerry GilliamScreenplay byCharles AlversonTerry GilliamBased onJabberwockyby Lewis CarrollProduced bySandy LiebersonStarringMichael PalinHarry H. CorbettJohn Le MesurierWarren MitchellMax WallRodney BewesJohn BirdBernard BresslawTerry GilliamNeil InnesTerry JonesCinematographyTerry BedfordEdited byMichael BradsellMusic byM…
For the ABC/Fox animated series, see The Critic. Daniel Terry as Sir Fretful Plagiary The Critic: or, a Tragedy Rehearsed is a satire by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It was first staged at Drury Lane Theatre in 1779. It is a burlesque on stage acting and play production conventions, and Sheridan considered the first act to be his finest piece of writing. One of its major roles, Sir Fretful Plagiary, is a comment on the vanity of authors, and in particular a caricature of the dramatist Richard Cumb…
Запрос «Немецкая оккупация Крыма (1918)» перенаправляется сюда. На эту тему нужно создать отдельную статью. Интервенция Центральных держав в РоссииОсновной конфликт: Восточный фронт Первой мировой войны, Иностранная военная интервенция в России Территория, оккупированная…
Questa voce sull'argomento politici olandesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Piet Dankert EuroparlamentareDurata mandato17 luglio 1979 –19 luglio 1999 LegislaturaI, II, III, IV GruppoparlamentareGruppo Socialista Presidente del Parlamento europeoDurata mandato1982 –1984 PredecessoreSimone Veil SuccessorePierre Pflimlin Dati generaliPartito politicoPartito del Lavoro Piet Dankert, all'anagrafe Pieter Dan…
Canadian ice hockey player (born 1977) Ice hockey player Kyle McLaren McLaren with the San Jose Sharks in 2008Born (1977-06-18) June 18, 1977 (age 46)Humboldt, Saskatchewan, CanadaHeight 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)Weight 230 lb (104 kg; 16 st 6 lb)Position DefenceShot LeftPlayed for Boston BruinsSan Jose SharksNational team CanadaNHL draft 9th overall, 1995Boston BruinsPlaying career 1995–2009 Kyle Edgar McLaren (born June 18, 1977) is a[1] Cana…