It was established on 1 September 1982 as Space Command (SPACECOM), the first dedicated space command in the United States Armed Forces. On 15 November 1985, it was renamed Air Force Space Command (AFSPC or AFSPACECOM) to distinguish it from U.S. Space Command, Naval Space Command, and Army Space Command. On 20 December 2019, following the establishment of the United States Space Force as an independent service, Air Force Space Command was also redesignated as United States Space Force (USSF) and served as the transitional headquarters of the new service, but remained a component of the U.S. Air Force. On 21 October 2020, United States Space Force was redesignated as Space Operations Command and officially transitioned from a U.S. Air Force major command to a U.S. Space Force field command.[6]
History
Establishing Space Command
Air Force major commands responsible for space operations
As Air Force space programs began to mature in the 1970s and early 1980s, their disjointed nature presented operational issues. The impending deployment of the Space Shuttle in partnership with NASA prompted major internal competition between the Air Force's major commands for internal control and to transform itself into an operational major command. Air Force Systems Command's Space and Missile Systems Organization had responsibility for military development of the shuttle, but it also sought operational responsibility as it was responsible for space launches. Aerospace Defense Command argued that its responsibility for the space surveillance system gave it the requisite experience required for shuttle operations. Traditional air defense had also lost its importance, and Aerospace Defense Command saw space operations as a means to preserve its existence. Strategic Air Command and Military Airlift Command, which served as the Air Force's lead on transportation, also argued they should have responsibility. In 1980, Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated as an Air Force major command (although preserved as a specified command within NORAD), with its air defense mission transferred to Tactical Air Command in 1979 and its space assets moved to Strategic Air Command in 1980.[12]
Calls for an independent space command grew within the 1980s, with some in Congress even calling for the Air Force to be reorganized as the U.S. Aerospace Force. On 1 September 1982, the Air Force established Space Command as a major command, creating the first operational space command within the United States Armed Forces.[12]
Unifying Space Forces under Air Force Space Command
In 1991, Air Force Space Command underwent a major reorganization, inactivating the 9th Space Division and Space Communications Division and replacing it with the 30th Space Wing at Vandenberg AFB and 45th Space Wing at Patrick AFB for space launches. In 1992, it replaced the 1st Space Wing with the 21st Space Wing, the 2d Space Wing with the 50th Space Wing, and inactivated the 3d Space Support Group. In 1993, Air Force Space Command was assigned responsibility for intercontinental ballistic missiles. It centralized its space forces under the Fourteenth Air Force and its missile forces under the 20th Air Force, while also activating the Space Warfare Center.[6] In 2001, following the recommendation of the Space Commission, the Space and Missile Systems Center was transferred from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command, unifying space acquisitions and operations under the same command. This gave Air Force Space Command a unique status among the other Air Force major commands, as it was the only one to be responsible for its own acquisition. Following the September 11 attacks, Air Force Space Command provided space support to the Global War on Terrorism.[14]
Redesignation as Space Operations Command and transfer to the Space Force
When the United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019, Air Force Space Command was redesignated as United States Space Force and served as its interim headquarters, but remained part of the U.S. Air Force. Fourteenth Air Force was redesignated as Space Operations Command, however its wings, along with the Space and Missile Systems Center's 61st Air Base Group, were realigned to report directly to United States Space Force.[15][6][16] In June 2020, the Space Force announced its plan to establish Space Operations Command as the first of three field command, with Space Operations Command (formerly Fourteenth Air Force) at Vandenberg AFB to be renamed SpOC West.[17]
On 21 October 2020, United States Space Force was redesignated as Space Operations Command, officially transferring from a U.S. Air Force major command to a U.S. Space Force field command when Lieutenant General Stephen N. Whiting assumed command.[6] In 2021, SpOC restructured its headquarters staff by dividing it into three deputy commanding general (DCG) positions, a deputy commanding general each for operations, support, and transformation. It also organized oversight of Space Deltas 2 to 9 under the deputy commanding general (operations) by creating five mission area teams (MAT): intelligence, battle management C3, componency, combat power, and information mobility.[19]
Emblems of Space Operations Command and its predecessors
Space Operations Command (2020–present)
United States Space Force (2020)
Air Force Space Command and Space Command (1982–2019)
Space Operations Command emblem and color
The large delta in the Space Operations Command emblem is derived from the legacy Air Force Space Command emblem, which also is found in the Seal of the United States Space Force. It represents the people of the U.S. Space Force and the advanced systems Space Operations Command operates. The three smaller deltas, which take the shape of arrows when combined with the rocket trails behind them, are taken from the U.S. Space Command seal, represent Space Operations Command's combatant command mission and the role of its deltas, garrisons, and SpOC West to be the arrows in U.S. Space Command's warfighting quiver. They also represent Space Operations Command's core competencies of operations, military intelligence, and cyber. The star field is the constellation Orion, representing the mythological Greek hunter Orion. Orion signifies that Space Operations Command will always be the predator, and never the prey. The stars that make up the constellation also pay respect to the past luminaries and leaders of military space who have built the foundation on which Space Operations Command stands.[5]
Platinum is Space Operations Command's distinguishing color and matches the U.S. Space Force and U.S. Space Command seals. Platinum represents the strength of Guardians and Airmen, the rarity of its calling, and the nobility of its mission.[5]
Space Operations Command's emblem was unveiled on 21 October 2020 at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado with the resignation of United States Space Force, previously Air Force Space Command, as Space Operations Command.[5]
Air Force Space Command emblem and motto
The first commander of Air Force Space Command, General James V. Hartinger, suggested that the Air Force Space Command emblem be patterned after the Space Badge and the final emblem drew on it for most of its elements.[23]
The centrally dominant globe represents the earth as viewed from space, the earth being both the origin and control point for all space satellites. The lines of latitude and longitude emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations. The emblem is provided its distinctive appearance by two symmetric ellipses representing the orbital paths traced by satellites in earth orbit; the satellites themselves being symbolically depicted as four point stars. The 30 degree orbital inclination and symmetrically opposed placement of the satellites signify the worldwide coverage provided by Air Force satellites in accomplishing the surveillance and communications missions. The slight tapering of the orbital ellipses represents the characteristic eastward motion. The centrally superimposed deltoid symbolizes both the Air Force upward thrust into space and the launch vehicles needed to place all satellites in orbit. The distinctive dark blue background shading, small globe, and stars symbolize the space environment.[23]
Air Force Space Command's motto, "Guardians of the High Frontier," was developed from the submissions of three individuals at Space Command and the United States Air Force Academy before being announced on 17 February 1983.[23] The motto would later inspire the title of "Guardian" for U.S. Space Force members.[24]
^"SpOC Fact Sheet". Space Operations Command. Retrieved 22 October 2020. These initial actions provided immediate structure for the USSF but were not intended to reflect the end-state of the new branch of Service.
^Kirby, Lynn (30 June 2020). "USSF field command structure reduces command layers, focuses on space warfighter needs". United States Space Force. Retrieved 22 October 2020. The staff and operations elements of USSF at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, which is also the former AFSPC, will become the headquarters SpOC. There is an existing unit at Vandenberg AFB, California, named Space Operations Command, which will be renamed upon activation of the field command SpOC.
CHNOPS CHNOPS è l'acronimo dei sei elementi maggiormente presenti in chimica organica, ovvero carbonio (C), idrogeno(H), azoto (N), ossigeno (O), fosforo (P) e zolfo (S). Nonostante questi elementi non siano i più presenti sulla crosta terrestre (il contenuto di silicio e alluminio, ad esempio, è di gran lunga maggiore a quello di fosforo), essi sono quelli che stanno alla base della materia vivente. Indice 1 Perché proprio questi 2 Un'eccezione 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Altri progetti Perché…
Anak kucing, cemeng, atau bilatung (bahasa Inggris: kitten) adalah kucing domestik yang belum dewasa.[1] Ibu kucing biasanya dapat melahirkan 2-6 anak kucing. Anak kucing yang baru lahir tidak boleh dipegang oleh manusia dengan tangan kosong, agar tidak diasingkan dan/atau dimakan oleh induknya. Untuk bertahan hidup, anak kucing membutuhkan perawatan dari induk mereka selama beberapa minggu pertama kehidupan mereka. Anak kucing adalah hewan yang sangat sosial dan menghabiskan sebagia…
Biara Iona, salah satu markas komunitas iona. Komunitas Iona adalah komunitas yang didirikan oleh George MacLeod pada tahun 1938.[1] Anggota komunitas Iona terdiri dari gabungan kaum awam dan klerus dalam Gereja di Skotlandia.[1] Komunitas Iona mengalami perkembangan pesat dari jumlah anggota yang masih sedikit hingga mencapai ratusan.[2] Anggota dari komunitas ini mencakup segala golongan usia.[2] Tujuan dari didirkannya komunitas Iona ini adalah untuk mendorong …
Amanda C. MillerAmanda C. Miller pada tahun 2015LahirAmanda Celine MillerJerman[1]Tempat tinggalAtlanta, Georgia, AS[1]AlmamaterUniversitas Maryland[1]PekerjaanPengisi suaraTahun aktif2009–sekarangOrang tuaRon Miller[2]Situs webamandacmiller.com Amanda Celine Miller adalah seorang pengisi suara Amerika Serikat dalam pengalihan bahasa Inggris untuk anime, animasi dan permainan video. Peran-peran besarnya meliputi Makoto Kino/Sailor Jupiter, dalam pengalihan …
Mrunal JainMrunal Jain di peluncuran Telly Calendar pada tahun 2015Lahir9 Januari 1985 (umur 39)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2008–sekarangTinggi178 cm (5 ft 10 in)Suami/istriSweety Jain (m. 2013)Orang tuaShailesh Jain Vidya Jain Mrunal Jain (lahir 9 Januari 1985) adalah seorang aktor televisi India dan aktor Bollywood. Dia terkenal karena perannya dalam pertunjukan populer Akash di Colors TV Uttaran. Dia saat ini ter…
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Bazien. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiBazien merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvelle An…
Logam miskin atau logam pascatransisi adalah unsur logam dari blok-p dari tabel periodik, posisinya di antara metaloid dan logam transisi dalam tabel periodik. Mereka lebih elektropositif dari logam transisi, tetapi kurang dibanding dengan logam alkali dan logam alkali tanah. Titik leleh dan titik didih mereka biasanya lebih rendah dibanding dengan logam transisi, dan mereka lebih lunak. Unsur Logam Miskin Unsur yang termasuk kedalam logam miskin adalah aluminium (Al), galium (Ga), indium (In), …
Mattia Preti The Incredulity of St. Thomas.Museum Kunsthistorisches, Vienna. Mattia Preti (24 Februari 1613 – 3 Januari 1699) adalah seorang artis Barok Italia yang berkarya di Italia dan Malta. Biografi Lahir di kota kecil Taverna, Calabria, Preti terkadang dipanggil Il Cavalier Calabrese (Kesatria Calabria). Referensi Spike, John (1997). Mattia Preti e Gregorio Preti a Taverna. Catalogo completo delle opere. Centro Di. Spike, John (1999). Mattia Preti. Catalogo Ragionato dei Dipinti. F…
Kay A. OrrOrr pada 2017 Gubernur Nebraska ke-36Masa jabatan9 Januari 1987 – 9 Januari 1991WakilWilliam E. Nichol PendahuluBob KerreyPenggantiBen NelsonBendahara Nebraska ke-36Masa jabatan15 Juni 1981 – 9 Januari 1987GubernurCharles ThoneBob Kerrey PendahuluFrank MarshPenggantiFrank Marsh Informasi pribadiLahirKay Avonne Stark2 Januari 1939 (umur 85)Burlington, Iowa, Amerika SerikatPartai politikRepublikSuami/istriBill Orr (m. 1957; w…
Dryobates minor Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN22681076 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasAvesOrdoPiciformesFamiliPicidaeGenusDryobatesSpesiesDryobates minor Linnaeus, 1758 Tata namaSinonim takson Picus minor Linnaeus, 1758 Dendrocopos minor (Linnaeus, 1758) DistribusiRange of D. minor lbs Dryobates minor adalah anggota keluarga burung pelatuk Asper. Ini sebelumnya ditugaskan untuk genus Dendrocopos (kadang-kadang salah dieja sebagai Dendrocopus). Beberapa otoritas taksonom…
Elia KazanLahirElia Kazanjoglous[1] (greek: Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου)(1909-09-07)7 September 1909Constantinople, Ottoman EmpireMeninggal28 September 2003(2003-09-28) (umur 94)New York City, New York, USATahun aktif1934–1976Suami/istriMolly Day Thatcher (1932–1963; kematian istri-nya)Barbara Loden (1967–1980; kematian istri-nya)Frances Rudge (1982–2003; kematiannya)PenghargaanSutradara Terbaik1947 Gentleman's Agreement1954 On the Waterfront Elia Kazan (bahasa …
City and County of Cardiff Dinas a Sir CaerdyddClockwise from top: Cardiff Bay, the Senedd, Cardiff University and the Millennium Stadium BenderaMotto: Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn(The red dragon will lead the way)City and County of Cardiffand (inset) within WalesSovereign state Britania RayaConstituent country WalesRegionSouth WalesCeremonial countySouth GlamorganLocal governmentCardiff CouncilCity status1905Pemerintahan • Cardiff Council Leader Heather Joyce • Welsh…
Business as UsualBerkas:Men at Work - Business as Usual.jpgGambar sampul Australia asliAlbum studio karya Men at WorkDirilis9 November 1981 (1981-11-09) / Juni 1982 (AS)DirekamMaret–September 1981 di Richmond Recorders, Melbourne[1]GenreNew wave, reggae rock, pop rockDurasi38:11LabelCBS / ColumbiaProduserPeter McIanKronologi Men at Work Business as Usual(1981) Cargo(1983) Singel dalam album Business as Usual Who Can It Be Now?Dirilis: 6 Juni 1981 Down UnderDirilis: Oktober 198…
2019 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide show Guerra de Titanes (2019)Promotional poster featuring various AAA wrestlersPromotionLucha Libre AAA WorldwideDateDecember 14, 2019CityCiudad Madero, Tamaulipas, MexicoVenueDomo MaderoEvent chronology ← PreviousTriplemanía Regia Next →AAA vs MLW Guerra de Titanes chronology ← PreviousDecember 2018 Next →2023 Guerra de Titanes (2019) (Spanish for War of the Titans) was a professional wrestling event scripted and produced by the Lucha …
Datuk HajiKamarulzaman Mat SallehPMW AMN Wali Kota Kuala Lumpur ke-14PetahanaMulai menjabat 17 April 2023 PendahuluMahadi Che NgahPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahir1964[butuh rujukan]Sunting kotak info • L • B Datuk Haji Kamarulzaman bin Mat Salleh adalah pegawai negeri Malaysia yang saat ini menjabat sebagai Wali Kota Kuala Lumpur ke-14.[1]. Kehormatan Malaysia : Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (2015)[2] Fed…
Peta Abrantes dan paroki sipilnya Untuk stasiun Metro de Madrid, lihat Abrantes (Metro de Madrid). Abrantes ([ɐ'bɾɐ̃tɨʃ]) ialah sebuah kotamadya di Distrik Santarem, Portugal. Memiliki wilayah seluas 715 km² dan penduduk sebanyak 42.235 jiwa, terbagi atas 19 paroki sipil, dan kotanya sendiri berpenduduk sebanyak 14.800 jiwa. Sejarah Dipercaya didirikan selama masa Keltik, nama kota ini berasal dari bahasa Latin Aurantes yang berarti emas. Abrantes ditaklukkan oleh Afonso Henriques pa…
Terjemahan tulisan tangan buatan Buscarello de Ghizolfi dari surat tahun 1305 dari penguasa Mongol Oljeitu kepada Raja Philip IV dari Prancis Buscarello de Ghizolfi, atau Buscarel dari Gisolfe, adalah orang Eropa yang bermukim di Persia pada abad ke-13 saat wilayah tersebut menjadi bagian dari Ilkhanat Mongol. Ia adalah duta besar Mongol untuk Eropa dari 1289 sampai 1305, menjabat di bawah kepemimpinan penguasa Mongol Arghun, Ghazan dan kemudian Oljeitu. Tujuan komunikasinya untuk membentuk alia…
BankstownNew South Wales—Majelis Legislatif [[Berkas:|200px]]Lokasi Bankstown di Sydney Negara bagian atau teritori: New South Wales Dibentuk: 1927 MP: Jihad Dib Partai: Buruh Nama: Bankstown, New South Wales Pemilih: 49,017 (2011) Luas: 23 km² (9 sq mi) Demografi: Inner Metropolitan Bankstown adalah sebuah distrik pemilihan Majelis Legislatif negara bagian New South Wales, Australia, di Western Sydney. Distrik ini sejak lama diakui sebagai salah satu daerah teraman bagi Partai…