Space diving

Kittinger leaps from his gondola at 31.3 km (102,800 feet).

Similar to skydiving, space diving is the act of jumping from an aircraft or spacecraft in near space and falling towards Earth. The Kármán line is a common definition as to where space begins, 100 km (62 mi) above sea level. This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which is an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. The United States Air Force uses 50 nautical miles (300,000 feet) to award astronaut wings.^[1]

No successful space dives (above 100 km) have been completed to date. In 1959 Joseph Kittinger accomplished a jump from 74,700 feet (22.8 km); he then set a long-standing record in 1960 when he jumped from 102,800 feet (31.3 km). In 1962, Yevgeni Andreyev jumped from 83,523 feet (25.458 km) and set a new longest-distance free fall record that was surpassed by Felix Baumgartner who made three jumps in 2012 from 71,581 feet (21.818 km), 96,640 feet (29.46 km), and 128,000 feet (39 km), respectively. Alan Eustace set the current world record for highest and longest-distance free fall jump in 2014 when he jumped from 135,898 feet (41.422 km).^[2] However, Joseph Kittinger still holds the record for longest-duration free fall, at 4 minutes and 36 seconds, which he accomplished during his 1960 jump from 102,800 feet (31.3 km).

Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere have yet to be successfully performed, though Orbital Outfitters,^[3] now defunct, was working to create a suit that was supposed to enable space diving. Space diving from beyond the stratosphere was first imagined in 1934, appearing in E. E. "Doc" Smith's science fiction novel Triplanetary.^[4]

History

The first stratospheric space dive was in 1959 when Colonel Joseph William Kittinger II (July 27, 1928 - December 9, 2022) in Tampa, Florida, United States a former command pilot, career military officer and retired Colonel in the United States Air Force dived from a high-altitude balloon. He participated in Project Excelsior, testing the effects on pilots of ejecting at high altitude and in 1960 set a record for the highest, longest-distance, and longest-duration skydive, from a height greater than 102,000 feet (31 km).^[5]

On 1 November 1962, Yevgeni Andreyev and Pyotr Dolgov ascended from Volsk, near Saratov.^[6] Andreyev jumped from the capsule at 83,523 feet (25.458 km) and free fell 80,380 feet (24.50 km) before successfully deploying his parachute. Dolgov remained in the capsule and ascended to 93,970 feet (28.64 km). Dolgov was primarily testing an experimental pressure suit, and would have deployed a drogue chute like Kittinger's earlier jump. As he exited the gondola, he struck his helmet and cracked the visor, leading to depressurization and his death.

In 1965–1966, Nick Piantanida accomplished a set of unsuccessful attempts to jump from 123,500 feet (37.6 km) and 120,000 feet (37 km). During the last attempt Piantanida's face mask had depressurized. His ground controllers immediately jettisoned the balloon at close to 56,000 feet (17,000 m). Piantanida barely survived the fall, and the lack of oxygen left him brain damaged and in a coma from which he never recovered.

In the early 1990s, Kittinger played a lead role with NASA assisting British SAS Soldier Charles "Nish" Bruce to break his highest parachute jump record.^[7] The project was suspended in 1994 following Bruce's mental health breakdown.

In 1997 parachutist and pilot Cheryl Stearns formed Stratoquest,^[8] aiming to break Kittinger's record as the first female space diver. Due either to a significant shoulder injury^[9] or funding issues for the project^[10] this plan did not come to fruition. By the time Stearns was prepared to attempt her jump, Felix Baumgartner had completed his jump and Stearns shelved her event.

In 2012, Felix Baumgartner broke Kittinger's highest altitude and Andreyev's longest-distance free fall records, when, on October 14, he jumped from over 128,000 ft (39 km).^[11]^[12]

In 2014, Alan Eustace set the current world record highest and longest-distance free fall jump when he jumped from 135,908 feet (41.425 km) and remained in free fall for 123,334 feet (37.592 km).^[2] However, Joseph Kittinger still holds the record for longest-duration free fall, at 4 minutes and 36 seconds, which he accomplished during his 1960 jump from 102,800 feet (31.3 km).

Challenges to safe space diving

There are several technical requirements and challenges to the possibility of space jumping. These requirements would be somewhat eased when entering the atmosphere from a simple drop, where the heat of reentry would be considerably less than that of reentering from orbit.^[13] At any given density of air, the terminal velocity of a person is much lower than that of a heavy spacecraft. This is because starting from a stationary platform means that fall speed never exceeds the local terminal velocity (though this is quite high in thin atmosphere) and a small light body slows down relatively quickly as the atmosphere thickens.

Parachutes would require increased strength to slow the higher weights associated with the added equipment.^[14]

NASA is known to have investigated the concept in case of an emergency situation on Space Shuttle orbiters where alternative methods of reentry are not available. However, such planning has not moved beyond the conceptual stage given the high energies involved in reentry from orbital speeds.

Fictional accounts

In Dark Star, 1974 film, Doolittle decides to 'surf' on debris to the planet or die in the attempt.
Star Trek: Generations, in a deleted scene from 1994 film which depicts a fictional space jump
Star Trek: Voyager, in 1998 the season 5 episode 3 titled Extreme Risks which depicts a fictional space jump
Star Trek, a 2009 film which depicts a fictional space jump
Ad Astra, a 2019 film which depicts a fictional space jump

References

^ Speed Weed (2007-06-25). "High dive - Space diving". Popular Science. Germany , Salzgitter: Bonnier Corporation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ ^a ^b "Felix Baumgartner: First person to break sound barrier in freefall". guinnessworldrecords.com. 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
^ Orbital Outfitters Archived 2012-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ Christensen, Bill (2007-08-03). "Space Diving by 2011?". Space.com. New York. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ Mission to the edge of Space — Red Bull Stratos — Trailer
^ "Stratospheric balloons launched worldwide in 1962", StratoCat
^ Tom Read, Freefall (Little Brown, Edition 1, 1998). ISBN 0-316-64303-3.
^ "STRATOQUEST (Project) - The balloon encyclopedia". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
^ "Cheryl Stearns personal webpage".
^ "STEARNS, Cheryl - The balloon encyclopedia". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
^ The Canadian Press (2012-10-09). "Supersonic skydive cancelled due to high winds". CBC News. Toronto. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ Amos, Jonathan (2012-10-14). "Skydiver Felix Baumgartner lands highest ever jump". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23.
^ Hsu, Jeremy (2012-10-04). "Why Can't You Go Space Diving Yet?". Space.com. New York. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ The Kármán line is the internationally accepted definition as to where space begins at 100 km (62 mi) above sea level. This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which is an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. The United States Airforce uses 80 km (50 mi) to award astronaut wings. Speed Weed (2007-06-25). "High dive - Space diving". Popular Science. New York: Bonnier Corporation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ "Google VP's 135,908-foot leap breaks world record for highest free-fall parachute jump". The Verge. October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.