Spermestes

Spermestes
	Bronze mannikin (Spermestes cucullata)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Estrildidae
Genus:	Spermestes; Swainson, 1837
Type species
	Spermestes cucullata; bronze mannikin; Swainson, 1837
Species
	See text

Spermestes is a genus of small seed-eating birds in the family Estrildidae. They are distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Taxonomy

The genus Spermestes was introduced in 1837 by the English naturalist William John Swainson to accommodate the bronze mannikin.^[1] The name combines the Ancient Greek sperma meaning "seed" and -estēs meaning "-eater".^[2]

Based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2020, this genus was resurrected for a clade of species that were formerly assigned to the genera Lonchura and Odontospiza.^[3]^[4]

Species

The genus contains four species:^[4]

Genus **Spermestes** – Swainson, 1837 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Grey-headed silverbill	Spermestes griseicapilla (Delacour, 1943)	eastern Africa	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Bronze mannikin	Spermestes cucullata Swainson, 1837 Two subspecies S. c. cucullata Swainson, 1837 S. c. scutata Heuglin, 1863	Africa south of the Sahara Desert	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Magpie mannikin	Spermestes fringilloides (Lafresnaye, 1835)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-and-white mannikin	Spermestes bicolor (Fraser, 1843) Four subspecies S. b. bicolor (Fraser, 1843) S. b. poensis (Fraser, 1843) S. b. woltersi (Schouteden, 1956) S. b. nigriceps Cassin, 1852	African tropical rainforest	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

References

^ Swainson, William John (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: John Taylor. p. 280.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2020). "A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757. PMID 32028027.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 February 2023.

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[1] Swainson, William John (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: John Taylor. p. 280.

[2] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[3] Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2020). "A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757. PMID 32028027.

[ioc-4] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 February 2023.

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