Stearman XOSS

XOSS-1
XOSS-1
General information
Type	Observation floatplane
Manufacturer	Stearman Aircraft
Primary user	United States Navy
Number built	1
Construction number	85000
Serial	1052
History
First flight	September 1938
Retired	July 1941

The Stearman XOSS was an American biplane observation floatplane developed by Stearman Aircraft for the United States Navy during the late 1930s. Intended to replace the Curtiss SOC Seagull in service aboard battleships, it proved inferior to the Vought OS2U Kingfisher in a fly-off, and did not enter production.

Design and development

Known by the company designation Model X-85,^[1] the Stearman XOSS-1 was designed during 1937 in response to a U.S. Navy specification calling for an observation-scout type aircraft, capable of operating from either water or land, and stressed for catapult launching from battleships and cruisers.^[2] The new aircraft was intended to replace the Curtiss SOC as the standard observation and gunnery spotting aircraft in service aboard the Navy's battleships.^[3]

In response to the request for proposals, the Navy received designs from Stearman Aircraft, Chance Vought, and the Naval Aircraft Factory. The Stearman Model 85, given the designation XOSS-1, was a conventional two-seat biplane, with the pilot and observer seated in tandem in a fully enclosed cockpit. The aircraft could be operated with either float or wheeled landing gear, with the former being of the single center-float type, and the latter being a conventional taildragger undercarriage. The XOSS-1 had the unusual feature of being fitted with full-span flaps on the upper wing to reduce stalling speed.^[2] It was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial engine.^[1]

Operational history

Flying for the first time in September 1938, the XOSS-1 proved to have benign flying characteristics, and over the next several months was evaluated against the Naval Aircraft Factory XOSN, another conventional biplane, and the Vought XOS2U, a mid-wing monoplane.^[2]

The evaluation proved that the XOSS-1 was conventional in all respects; the full-span upper-wing flap reduced the aircraft's landing speed to 57 miles per hour (92 km/h), while the top speed achievable was 162 miles per hour (261 km/h). Both the XOSS-1 and the XOSN-1, despite not possessing any significant faults, were considered to be insufficiently advanced, being inferior in performance and potential to the Vought machine.^[2] The XOS2U-1 was declared the winner of the competition in May 1939,^[4] and the XOSS-1's development came to an end. The aircraft was used for liaison purposes by the Navy, being scrapped at NAS Jacksonville in 1941.^[5]

Operators

United States

United States Navy

Specifications (XOSS-1)

Data from ^[2]

General characteristics

Crew: 2 (pilot and observer)
Length: 34 ft 6 in (10.52 m) on floats
Wingspan: 36 ft (11 m)
Height: 13 ft (4.0 m)
Airfoil: NACA 23012
Gross weight: 4,791 lb (2,173 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine, 600 hp (450 kW)

Performance

Maximum speed: 162 mph (261 km/h, 141 kn) at 6,000 feet (1,800 m)
Range: 832 mi (1,339 km, 723 nmi)
Service ceiling: 18,500 ft (5,600 m)

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b Phillips 2006, p.148.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Adcock 1991, p.4.
^ Whitley 1998, p.262.
^ Adcock 1991, p. 7.
^ Baugher 2010

Bibliography

Adcock, Al (1991). OS2U Kingfisher in action. Aircraft In Action. Vol. 119. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN 0-89747-270-5.
Baugher, Joe (September 18, 2010). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Second Series (0001 to 5029)". US Navy and US Marine Corps Aircraft Serial Numbers and Bureau Numbers--1911 to Present. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
Phillips, Edward H. (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-087-4.
Whitley, M.J. (1998). Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.