Student Nitric Oxide Explorer

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer
	SNOE satellite
Names	Explorer 72; STEDI-1; UNEX-1
Mission type	Space physics
Operator	Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
COSPAR ID	1998-012A
SATCAT no.	25223
Website	lasp.colorado.edu/home/snoe/
Mission duration	5 years, 9 months, 17 days (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Explorer LXXII
Spacecraft type	Student Nitric Oxide Explorer
Bus	SNOE
Manufacturer	University of Colorado Boulder (Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics)
Launch mass	120 kg (260 lb)
Dimensions	0.9 × 1.0 m (2 ft 11 in × 3 ft 3 in)
Power	37 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	26 February 1998, 07:07 UTC
Rocket	Pegasus XL HAPS (F20)
Launch site	Vandenberg, (Stargazer)
Contractor	Orbital Sciences Corporation
Entered service	11 March 1998
End of mission
Last contact	13 December 2003
Decay date	13 December 2003, 09:34 UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Sun-synchronous orbit
Perigee altitude	535 km (332 mi)
Apogee altitude	580 km (360 mi)
Inclination	97.70°
Period	95.80 minutes
Instruments
	Auroral Photometer (AP); Solar X-ray Photometer (SXP); Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)
	; Student Nitric Oxide Explorer mission patch Explorer program ← Advanced Composition Explorer (Explorer 71) Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (Explorer 73) →

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE ("snowy"), also known as Explorer 72, STEDI-1 and UNEX-1), was a NASA small scientific satellite which studied the concentration of nitric oxide in the thermosphere. It was launched in 1998 as part of NASA's Explorer program. The satellite was the first of three missions developed within the Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative (STEDI) program funded by the NASA and managed by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). STEDI was a pilot program to demonstrate that high-quality space science can be carried out with small, low-cost (<US$4.4 million) free-flying satellites on a time scale of two years from go-ahead to launch.^[5] The satellite was developed by the University of Colorado Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) and had met its goals by the time its mission ended with reentry in December 2003.

Overview

SNOE was the 72nd mission of the Explorer program by NASA dedicated to the scientific investigation of the space environment of the Earth. SNOE was the first of three projects developed within the university satellite program (STEDI) whose objective is to reach students in the development of satellites with limited means in the context of the strategy of "faster, better, cheaper" promoted by then-NASA administrator Daniel Goldin. The program was funded by NASA and managed by the Universities Space Research Association. The mission, developed by the University of Colorado Boulder in 1994, was selected among 66 proposals to be one of the six pre-selected satellites of the program. In February 1995, the satellite was selected along with TERRIERS of Boston University and CATSAT of the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom. SNOE was built and operated entirely by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics of the university.

Mission

The objective of the mission was the detailed study of variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere. Nitric oxide, though a minor component of this region of space, has a significant impact on the composition of ions in the ionosphere and in the heat of the thermosphere. The detailed objectives are:^[5]

Detailing how the variations of X-ray radiation from the sun affects the density of nitric oxide in the lower layer of the thermosphere;
How auroral activity increases the amount of nitric oxide in the polar regions of Earth.

Spacecraft

SNOE was a compact hexagonal structure, approximately 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) high and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) across it widest dimension, weighing a maximum of 120 kg (260 lb).^[5]^[6] It was spin-stabilized at five revolutions per minute, and its axis of rotation was perpendicular to the orbital plane. The exterior of the satellite was covered with solar cells that provide 37 watts.^[7]

Launch

It was launched, on 26 February 1998 at 07:07 UTC by an Orbital Sciences Corporation's Stargazer and a Pegasus-XL launch vehicle, into a Sun-synchronous circular orbit, along with the Teledesic T1 satellite, at 535–580 km (332–360 mi) altitude and 97.70° inclination.^[4] It span at 5 rpm with the spin axis normal to the orbit plane and carried three instruments: an ultraviolet spectrometer to measure nitric oxide altitude profiles, a two-channel auroral photometer to measure auroral emissions beneath the spacecraft, and a five-channel solar soft X-ray photometer. SNOE also carried a GPS receiver for accurate orbit and attitude determination. The SNOE spacecraft and its instrument complement were designed, built, and operated entirely at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) of the University of Colorado Boulder. The spacecraft functioned normally until in December 2003.^[5]

Instruments

SNOE was equipped with three scientific instruments:^[8]

A two-channel Auroral Photometer, which performs measurements of auroral emissions beneath the satellite;
A five-channel Solar X-ray Photometer, which measures the soft X-ray emissions by the Sun;
An Ultraviolet Spectrometer, which performs a vertical profile of the concentration of nitric oxide.

Auroral Photometer (AP)

The auroral photometer (AP) is a two-channel broad-band instrument that is used to determine the energy deposited in the upper atmosphere by energetic auroral electrons. It is similar to airglow photometers developed by LASP and flown on OGO-5 and OGO-6 in the late 1960s. Each channel consists of a Hamamatsu phototube detectors, a UV filter, and a field of view limiter (circular, 11° full-cone). The combination of a Caesium iodide (CsI) photocathode and a Calcium fluoride (CaF₂) filter produces a bandpass from 125 to 180 nm for channel A, allowing a combined measurement of the LBH bands, the OI doublet at 135.6 nm, and the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. For channel B a barium fluoride (BaF₂) filter is used producing a 135 to 180 nm bandpass and providing a measurement of the LBH bands and the OI doublet at 135.6 nm with the exclusion of the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. The sensitivity of channel A at 130.4 nm is 23 counts/second/rayleigh and the sensitivity of channel B at 135.6 nm is 26 counts/second/rayleigh. The AP is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis. The AP produces continuous data with an integration time of 183 ms, but only the downward-looking part of each spin will be stored.^[9]

Solar X-ray Photometer (SXP)

The solar X-ray photometer (SXP), measures the solar irradiance at wavelengths from 2 to 35 nm. Each of the five photometer channels contains a silicon photodiode; wavelength selection is accomplished by thin metallic films deposited onto the diode surface. Coatings are selected so that overlapping bandpasses can be used to isolate key parts of the spectrum at low resolution: Tin (Sn): 2-8 nm; Titanium (Ti): 2-16 nm; Zirconium/Titanium (Zr/Ti): 5-20 nm; Aluminum/Carbon (Al/C): 15-35 nm. The field of view is 70° full cone. The SXP takes 12 measurements per spin, centered on the zenith, with a 63-second integration time. Thus, it obtains an integrated solar measurement once per orbit, when the Sun is near the zenith.^[10]

Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)

The objective of the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) is to measure the density of nitric oxide in the terrestrial upper atmosphere (thermosphere) by observing the (1,0) and (0,1) gamma bands. The UVS design is similar to instruments flown on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME), Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and several launch vehicles. It consists of an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, an off-axis telescope, and two Hamamatsu phototube detectors. The combination of the spectrometer and the detectors produces a spacing of 22 nm between the two channels and the exit slits are sized to give each detector a 3.7 nm bandpass. The grating in the spectrometer is set to place the (1,0) gamma band (215 nm) on one detector and the (0,1) gamma band (237 nm) on the other detector. Both channels have a sensitivity of 450 counts/second/kilorayleigh. The UVS is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the spin axis of the spacecraft. Its telescope images the entrance slit of the spectrometer on the limb with the long axis of the slit parallel to the horizon. The image of the slit on the limb is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) high, which determines the fundamental altitude resolution of the instrument. The integration time is 27 ms.^[11]

Selected science results

The limb-scanning Ultraviolet Spectrometer on SNOE observed polar mesospheric clouds, finding that PMCs occur more frequently in the northern latitudes than in the southern, but that they otherwise conform well to the standard model of cloud formation.^[12] SNOE also helped to map the effect of global X-rays on the atmosphere.^[2]

Enhanced fluxes of solar soft X-rays were detected by SNOE. Solar soft X-ray irradiance was measured by the spacecraft's Solar X-ray Photometer (SXP) between 2- and 20-nm, and covered irradiance levels outside of solar minimum and maximum conditions. In the 2- to 7-nm interval the irradiance levels ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 mW/m², while in the 6- to 19-nm interval the range was observed to be 0.5 to 3.5 mW/m². These values were a factor of four times higher than those predicted by the Hinteregger, et al. (1981) empirical model.^[2]

Atmospheric entry

SNOE re-entered the atmosphere on 13 December 2003 at 09:34 UTC (± 6 minutes), descending over 2.9° South, 273.8° East, on orbit 32248, after 5 years and 290 days.^[5]

References

^ Solomon, Stanley C.; Bailey, Scott M.; Barth, Charles A.; Davis, Randal L.; Donnelly, John A.; et al. (1998). The SNOE Spacecraft: Integration, Test, Launch, Operation, and On-orbit Performance (PDF). 12th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites 1998 Logan, Utah.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bailey, Scott M.; Woods, T. N.; Barth, C. A.; et al. (December 2000). "Measurements of the solar soft X-ray irradiance by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer: First analysis and underflight calibrations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 105 (A12): 27179–27194. Bibcode:2000JGR...10527179B. doi:10.1029/2000JA000188. S2CID 121207264.
^ "SNOE". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Trajectory: SNOE (Explorer 72) 1998-012A". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Display: SNOE (Explorer 72) 1998-012A". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Spacecraft Structure". University of Colorado Boulder. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ Solomon, Stanley C.; Barth, Charles A.; Axelrad, Penina; Bailey, Scott M.; Brown, Ronald; et al. (October 1996). "Student Nitric Oxide Explorer" (PDF). In Casani, E. Kane; Vander Does, Mark A. (eds.). Space Sciencecraft Control and Tracking in the New Millennium. Vol. 2810. pp. 121–132. Bibcode:1996SPIE.2810..121S. doi:10.1117/12.255131. S2CID 17583117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2010. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ "Instruments". University of Colorado Boulder. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ "Experiment: Auroral Photometer (AP)". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Experiment: Solar X-ray Photometer (SXP)". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Experiment: Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Bailey, Scott M.; Merkel, Aimee W.; Thomas, Gary E.; et al. (July 2005). "Observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 110 (D13). Bibcode:2005JGRD..11013203B. doi:10.1029/2004JD005422. D13203.