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Subir Chowdhury

Subir Chowdhury
সুবীর চৌধুরী
Chowdhury in December 2009
Born (1967-01-12) 12 January 1967 (age 57)
Occupation(s)Author, management consultant
SpouseMalini Chowdhury
Websitewww.subirchowdhury.com

Subir Chowdhury (Bengali: সুবীর চৌধুরী; born 12 January 1967) is a Bangladeshi-American author of 15 books and noted for his work in quality and management. He is currently the chairman and CEO of ASI Consulting Group, LLC, in Bingham Farms, Michigan.[1]

Early life and education

Born in Chittagong, Bangladesh, Chowdhury received his undergraduate degree in aeronautical engineering from the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) in Kharagpur, India (from which he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award)[2] and a graduate degree in industrial management from Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan where he also received the Distinguished Alumnus Award.[3] He came to the United States 1991 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2004.[4]

History

Chowdhury started his career as a quality and systems engineer assigned to General Motors' Delphi Division in 1993.[5] From 1998 to 2003 Chowdhury worked as an executive vice president of the American Supplier Institute, which at the time was a provider of technical training for mostly automotive manufacturing companies in the U.S.[6]

In 1996, Chowdhury co-authored with Ken Zimmer a book titled QS-9000 Pioneers. The book was an early effort to demonstrate how companies "revitalized" their manufacturing practices with standardized quality management processes. According to the book jacket, the book was endorsed by quality management experts Dr. Armand Fiegenbaum, Philip B. Crosby, J.D. Power III, and Dr. Genichi Taguchi.[7]

Joining American Supplier Institute in 1997, Chowdhury began to work with his mentor Dr. Genichi Taguchi, developer of robust engineering theory, and Taguchi's son, Shin Taguchi who is also an engineer. Together, they co-authored a book titled Robust Engineering (2000) that was designed to help producers bring products to market at a faster rate and at lower cost, and yet maintain a high level of quality.[8]

Inspired by a book titled The Leader of the Future,[9] Chowdhury began collaborating with other management thinkers to analyze leadership and organizational development. Management 21C was published in 2000 with contributions from Peter Senge, C K Prahalad, James Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner, Sumantra Ghoshall, Christopher A. Bartlett, and Rosabeth Moss Kanter.[10]

The Six Sigma quality movement was reaching its height in popularity in 2001 when Chowdhury wrote his next book, The Power of Six Sigma. Reported as a bestselling nonfiction book,[11] some reviewers noted that Chowdhury made complex topics quality management issues easy to understand by using a fictionalized story to model important concepts.[12]

Continuing the collaborations he began with Management 21C, Chowdhury completed work on Organization 21C, published in 2002. According to the book, his goal was to present ideas and strategic solutions to "guide, influence and help" individuals and organizations with management and leadership challenges. Among the contributors listed are Richard E. Boyatzis, James A. Champy, Allan R. Cohen, Jay A. Conger, Samuel A. Culbert, Christopher DeRose, Dexter Dunphy, David Finegold, Elizabeth Florent-Treacy, Rob Goffee, Robert L. Heneman, Harvey A. Hornstein, Andrew, Kakabadse, Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries, Edgar H. Schein, and Noel M. Tichy.[13]

In 2002, Chowdhury wrote two more books on Six Sigma. Design for Six Sigma helped draw attention to emerging DFSS methodology that simplifies an otherwise complex management theory.[14] The follow-up book The Power of Design for Six Sigma, stood out because unlike other books on the topic, Chowdhury successfully engaged a broad audience that included assembly line workers and CEOs to make Six Sigma even more accessible.[15] These books lead Chowdhury to create a management implementation system he called "LEO" (Listen-Enrich-Optimize). This concept was later highlighted his book The Ice Cream Maker (2005) and later expanded in The Power of LEO (2011). His latest book is Robust Optimization (2016) co-authored with Shin Taguchi.[6]

In 2003, Chowdhury formed ASI Consulting Group, LLC and became its chairman and CEO.[6]

From 2011, Chowdhury and his wife, Malini, began a foundation that has seeded several programs at major universities in India, the U.S., and the U.K. The latest in this work is at the Indian Institute of Technology, an inter-disciplinary school on Quality and Reliability (Q&R), which is the first of its kind in India.[16]

In 2017, Chowdhury published his 15th book titled The Difference: When Good Enough Isn't Enough.[17]

The following themes are found in most of his books:[6]

  • Problems can be prevented through continuous improvement—getting it right the first time—and should be the goal of every organization as it designs, develops and deploys products and services.
  • Quality must be the responsibility of every individual in all organizations. The “quality mission” cannot be delegated to one group or individual. It cannot be a ‘top down’ management process. For quality to be robust and sustainable, everyone in the organization must not only accept it, they must believe in it.
  • Quality begins at the top. Without the commitment of leadership—and without them demonstrating that commitment in every aspect of their own lives, initiatives will stall or fail over time.
  • Everyone has a stake in Quality. Not only must quality involve everyone all the time, but in order to achieve robust and sustainable results, everyone must have a stake in its implementation and continuous improvement through peer reinforcement and other methods.
  • Quality is a balance of people power and process power, where “people power” takes into account the role of the Quality mindset”—approaching quality with honesty, empathy and a resistance to compromise. Process power is about solving problems, developing ideas and solutions, and then perfecting those ideas and solutions.
  • Improving quality using a cookie cutter managerial approach does not work. Every organization is unique. Every problem has different issues. Every individual brings different knowledge, skills, and abilities. Therefore, the methods, processes, and procedures used to solve quality issues must be tailored to the specific situation.

Education and philanthropic work

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India

The Subir Chowdhury School of Quality and Reliability has been created for all IIT students who desire academic training in the concepts of quality assurance.[18] The school was inspired by Chowdhury who is an IIT alumnus. Modules on quality and reliability are designed on engineering processes and their impact on environment and life in general.[19]

London School of Economics and Political Science

The Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality and Economics Fellow is expected to complete publishable research on people quality and behaviour of the economies of Asian nations "prioritising, but not restricted to, India and Bangladesh."[20] The fellowship is awarded annually.

Harvard University

The Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality and Economics Fellow is expected to engage in research examining the impact of people and process quality on the economic advancement of the United States. This is a graduate Fellowship for the graduate students in the Harvard University to be given annually.[21]

University of Southern California (USC)

The Chowdhury Prize is an annual international mid-career prize for writers, presented at the University of Southern California through the auspices of the Subir and Malini Chowdhury Foundation and in collaboration with Kenyon College and The Kenyon Review. The prize seeks to identify authors who are at an inflection point, with a body of work already behind them, but also with significant future potential.[22]

University of California, Berkeley

The Subir and Malini Chowdhury Center for Bangladesh Studies was established at University of California, Berkeley, January 2014.[23] The center's mission is to the build ties between institutions in Bangladesh and the University of California. It will also will conduct research, promote art and culture, and offer three scholarships, namely: The Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality of Life in Bangladesh for graduate students; The Malini Chowdhury Fellowship on Bangladesh Studies for graduate students in any field that concentrates on Bangladesh studies; and The Subir Chowdhury Undergraduate Scholarship awarded to students concentrating in South and Southeast Asian Studies at Berkeley with matching awards from the Ford Challenge, a fund provided by a Berkeley donor to match undergraduate scholarship gifts.[24]

Global Quality Awareness (GQA)

A non-profit initiative of the Subir and Malini Chowdhury Foundation created to improve the lives of individuals and their communities around the world by promoting a personal understanding of, and commitment to a "Quality mindset".[6]

Frances Hesselbein Medal for Excellence in Leadership and Service

Subir and Malini Chowdhury Foundation provided a lifetime endowment for the award, given annually to a West Point cadet who best exhibits excellence in mentorship and leadership by example at the United States Military Academy at West Point[25]

Personal life

Chowdhury is married to Malini Chowdhury. They have one son, Anish Chowdhury and one daughter, Anandi Chowdhury.[26]

Bibliography

Books

  • The Difference: When Good Enough Isn't Enough, Crown Business Books, 2017. ISBN 978-0451496218
  • Robust Optimization: World's Best Practices for Developing Winning Vehicles, with Shin Taguchi; Wiley, 2016. ISBN 978-1119212126
  • The Power of LEO: The Revolutionary Process for Achieving Extraordinary Results; McGraw-Hill, 2011. ISBN 978-0071767996
  • The Ice Cream Maker; Doubleday, Random House, 2006. ISBN 978-0385514781
  • Next Generation Business Handbook; Wiley, 2006. ISBN 978-0471669968
  • Taguchi's Quality Engineering Handbook, with Genichi Taguchi, Yuin Wu; Wiley, 2004. ISBN 978-0471413349
  • The Power of Design For Six Sigma; Kaplan Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-0793160600
  • Organization 21C; Financial Times - Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 978-0130603142
  • Design For Six Sigma; Kaplan Professional, 2002. ISBN 978-0793152247
  • The Talent Era: Achieving a High Return on Talent; Financial Times - Prentice Hall, 2001. ISBN 978-0130410405
  • The Power of Six Sigma; Dearborn Trade, 2001. ISBN 978-0793144341
  • The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, with Genichi Taguchi, Yuin Wu; McGraw-Hill, 2000. ISBN 978-0071362634
  • Management 21C; Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN 978-0273639633
  • Robust Engineering, with Genichi Taguchi, Shin Taguchi; McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 978-0071347822
  • QS-9000 Pioneers, with Ken Zimmer; McGraw-Hill, 1996. ISBN 978-0786308651

Awards and honors

  • THINKERS50 HALL OF FAME by Thinkers50 [27] Each year Thinkers50 (FT called it The Oscars of Management Thinking) inducts distinguished thinkers who have made a lasting and vital impact on how organizations are led and managed. They are the giants upon whose shoulders managers and leaders stand. It is the highest honor of lifetime achievement in the field of business management thought leadership.
  • SME Albert M. Sargent Progress Award by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) [28] The SME Albert M. Sargent Progress Award is part of the International Honor Awards, and recognizes significant accomplishments in the field of manufacturing processes, methods or systems.
  • ASME Soichiro Honda Medal by the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) [29] The Soichiro Honda Medal recognizes an individual for an outstanding achievement or a series of significant engineering contributions in developing improvements in the field of personal transportation.
  • ASQ Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) by the American Society for Quality [30] ASQ DSM honors the lifetime contribution of any person who has been recognized as a long-term enabler, catalyst or prime mover in the quality movement.
  • Arnold W. Siegel Humanitarian Award by the SAE International[31]
  • Mensforth Manufacturing Gold Medal by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), UK[32]
  • Global Gurus Corps d’Elite Lifetime Achievement Award in the Management Category of the world's top thought leaders in 2021 by Global Gurus organization.[33]
  • Outstanding American by Choice Award U.S. Government, DHS/USCIS First citizen of Michigan ever to be awarded this honor.[34]
  • Heritage Hall of Fame by the International Institute Foundation, Detroit, Michigan.[35]
  • Philip B. Crosby Medal given by the ASQ (American Society of Quality) - First recipient of this international medal.[36]
  • SME Gold Medal presented by the SME (Society of Manufacturing Engineers).[37]
  • Henry Ford II Distinguished Award for Excellence in Automotive Engineering awarded by the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers).[38]
  • Young Leadership and Excellence Award presented by the Automotive Hall of Fame.[39]
  • ASEI Engineer of the Year Award in 1998 by the American Society of Engineers of Indian Origin (ASEI).[40]
  • Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer of the Year Award in 1997 by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME).[41]
  • 2009, the Conference Board Review described Chowdhury as "an excitable, enthusiastic evangelist for quality."[42] In an article speculating about an up-and-coming book by Jack Welch, The New York Times described Chowdhury as a "leading Quality Expert".[43] Marshall Goldsmith called Chowdhury "the Quality Prophet" in an interview published by Business Week in 2007.[44]
  • 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017, 2019, 2021 Chowdhury was selected as one of the "top 50 management thinkers in the world" by Thinkers50, an organization created by Des Dearlove and Stuart Crainer.[45]
  • 2013, Thinkers 50 recognized Chowdhury with a nomination for the 2013 "Breakthrough Idea" award for his work on "Economics of Quality".[46]
  • 2019 and 2021 Thinkers 50 shortlisted Chowdhury as a recipient of the "Ideas into Practice" award for his work with business and communities.[47]

Educational institutions recognition

  • Doctor of Law (Honoris Causa), University of Western Ontario, Canada, June 2022. He also delivered the commencement address for the 2022 Western University graduating class.[48]
  • Doctor of Commercial Science (Honoris Causa), Central Michigan University (CMU), USA, May 2019. He also delivered the commencement address for the 2019 CMU graduating class.[49]
  • Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa), Michigan Technological University, USA, May 2004.[50]
  • Distinguished Alumnus Award, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India, 2009.[2]
  • Distinguished Alumnus Award, Central Michigan University (CMU), Michigan, USA, 2003.[3]

Professional society honors

Chowdhury is recognized as a “Fellow” in the following organizations:

  • Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),[51]
  • Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME),[52]
  • American Society for Quality (ASQ),[53]
  • Royal Statistical Society - United Kingdom,[54]
  • Quality Society of Australasia
  • Engineering Society of Detroit (ESD).[55]

Chowdhury is recognized as a "Life Fellow" of the Royal Asiatic Society, UK.

In 2011, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) established the “Subir Chowdhury Medal of Quality Leadership” to be given each year to a global leader who promotes Quality in mobility industry.[56]

In addition he has been awarded Honorary Membership in the following organizations:[6]

  • Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers[57]
  • World Innovation Foundation
  • International Technology Institute

References

  1. ^ "Leadership". ASI Consulting Group. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b Shounak Ghosal (2009-08-09). "IIT's surprise convocation package India's moon man". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  3. ^ a b "Award Recipient". Central Michigan University Alumni Association. 2010-10-07. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  4. ^ "2009 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  5. ^ Chandan, Shahnawaz. "Making It Happen". The Daily Star. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Chowdhury, Subir. "About: Biography". Subir Chowdhury. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  7. ^ Chowdhury, Subir (1 May 1996). QS-9000. Milwaukee, WI: ASQC, Irvwin Publishing. p. Jacket. ISBN 978-0786308651.
  8. ^ Taguchi, Genichi; Chowdhury, Subir; Taguchi, Shin (18 Oct 1999). Robust Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education. p. Introduction. ISBN 978-0071347822.
  9. ^ Beckhard, Richard; Goldsmith, Marshall; Hesselbein, Frances (1997). The Leader of the Future: New Visions, Strategies and Practices for the Next Era. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0787909352
  10. ^ Chowdhury, Subir; Senge, Peter; Prahalad, C K; et al. (2000). Management 21C. Prentice Hall. p. Introduction. ISBN 978-0273639633.
  11. ^ "Review: The Power of Design For Six Sigma". Publishers Weekly. 28 October 2002. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  12. ^ Thoennes, Laurel (20 October 2011). "The Power of LEO Transcends Business Applications". Quality Digest. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  13. ^ Chowdhury, Subir; Conger, Jay A; Tichy, Noel M; Schein, Edgar H; Champy, James A; Kets de Vries, Manfred F R (2003). Organization 21C. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130603142.
  14. ^ Jusko, Jill (21 December 2004). "Prevention is the Cure". Industry Week. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  15. ^ "Nonfiction Book Review: The Power of Six SIGMA". Publishers Weekly. 19 March 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  16. ^ "IIT Kharagpur to set up India's first school on Quality and Reliability". Business Standard. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  17. ^ Merkel, David (17 February 2017). "Book Review: The Difference". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  18. ^ "IIT Kharagpur sets up the Subir Chowdhury School of Quality and Reliability - another first for IITKGP". Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  19. ^ Pandeyl, Jhimli (February 12, 2017). "New IIT-Khargpur school to focus on quality check". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Subir Chowdhury Fellowship - Fellowships - Asia Research Centre - Home". .lse.ac.uk. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  21. ^ Underwood, Matthew. "Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality and Economics at Harvard University". Subir Chowdhury Website. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  22. ^ "The Chowdhury Prize > Subir and Malini Chowdhury Foundation > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences".
  23. ^ "Subir and Malini Chowdhury Center for Bangladesh Studies at the University of California Berkeley". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  24. ^ Levy, Thomas (30 November 2001). "UC Berkeley first university to house a center for Bangladesh studies". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  25. ^ "West Point Association of Graduates". Westpointaog.org. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  26. ^ চট্টগ্রাম থেকে আমেরিকা. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  27. ^ "Thinkers50 Hall of Fame".
  28. ^ "SME recognizes seven prominent manufacturing professionals with International honor awards".
  29. ^ "ASME 2022 Soichiro Honda Medal".
  30. ^ "ASQ 2022 DSM Award".
  31. ^ "SAE 2022 Award" (PDF).
  32. ^ "IET Prestige Medals".
  33. ^ "Global Gurus Corps d'Elite Lifetime Award".
  34. ^ "USCIS - 2009 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients". Uscis.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  35. ^ "MICentral Events - 27th Annual Heritage Hall of Fame Celebration". Micentral.com. 2010-11-09. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  36. ^ "Crosby Medalists". ASQ. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  37. ^ "SME Honors Seven for Outstanding Achievements". PRNewswire (Press release). Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  38. ^ "Site Upgrade". Sae.org. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  39. ^ "Delphi Engineers Share SAE Top Honors for Excellence" (PDF) (Press release). PRNewswire. 25 February 1997. Retrieved 2012-06-29 – via ASI Consulting.
  40. ^ "15th Annual Convention" (PDF). American Society of Engineers of Indian Origin.
  41. ^ "Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award Recipients" (PDF). SME.
  42. ^ "Restoring Quality". The Conference Board. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  43. ^ "Anticipating Welch on Welch; Book Planned by G.E.'s Chief Generates a Must-Read Buzz". Andrea Gabor. 2000-11-29. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  44. ^ Goldsmith, Marshall (2007-04-04). "The Quality Prophet". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  45. ^ "Thinkers50". Thinkers50. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  46. ^ "2013 Distinguished Achievement Awards Shortlists". Thinkers50. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  47. ^ "Business Gurus Shortlisted For Thinkers50 Distinguished Achievement Awards". Thinkers 50. 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  48. ^ "Spring 2022 Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Western University. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  49. ^ "Spring commencement speakers". Central Michigan University. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  50. ^ "Michigan Tech Media Relations Story#249 - Chowdhury to Receive Honorary Doctorate from Michigan Tech". Admin.mtu.edu. 2004-04-22. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  51. ^ "SAE International -- mobility engineering". www.sae.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  52. ^ "College of Fellows". www.sme.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  53. ^ "Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality & Economics". Clinton Foundation. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  54. ^ "Marshall Goldsmith 100 Coaches Bios – Marshall Goldsmith". Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  55. ^ "College of Fellows – Engineering Society of Detroit". Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  56. ^ "Medal of Quality Leadership". Sae.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  57. ^ "Subir Chowdhury receives IISE Honorary Member Award".

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Jacques Rogge Jacques Rogge (2 Mei 1942 – 29 Agustus 2021) adalah seorang ahli operasi ortopedik Belgia dan telah menjadi presiden Komite Olimpiade Internasional sejak 2001 sampai 2013. Lahir di Ghent, Rogge menjalani pendidikan di Sint-Barbaracollege, Gent. Ia pernah ikut di Olimpiade pada tahun 1968, 1972, dan 1976 dalam cabang layar, dan pernah masuk dalam tim rugbi Belgia. Dia adalah presiden Komite Olimpiade Belgia dari 1989 hingga 1992, dan presiden Komite Olimpiade Eropa d…

2007 film directed by Matt Maiellaro and Dave Willis Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for TheatersTheatrical release poster by Julie Bell and Boris VallejoDirected by Matt Maiellaro Dave Willis Screenplay by Matt Maiellaro Dave Willis Based onAqua Teen Hunger Forceby Matt MaiellaroDave WillisProduced by Dave Willis Matt Maiellaro Jay Wade Edwards Starring Dana Snyder Carey Means Dave Willis Matt Maiellaro C. Martin Croker Andy Merrill Mike Schatz Edited by Jay Wade Edwards (supervising ed…

Queensland Open 1976 Sport Tennis Data 6 dicembre – 12 dicembre Edizione 81ª Superficie Erba Campioni Singolare maschile Mark Edmondson Singolare femminile Susan Leo 1975 1977 Il Queensland Open 1976 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sull'erba. Il torneo si è giocato a Brisbane in Australia dal 6 al 12 dicembre 1976. Indice 1 Campioni 1.1 Singolare maschile 1.2 Doppio maschile 1.3 Singolare femminile 1.4 Doppio femminile 2 Note 3 Collegamenti esterni Campioni Singolare maschile Lo stesso …

Verenigde Staten op de Olympische Spelen Land Verenigde Staten IOC-landcode USA NOC United States Olympic Committeeexterne link Olympische Winterspelen 2014 in Sotsji Vlaggendrager Todd Lodwick (opening) Julie Chu (sluiting) Aantal deelnemers 230 Aantal disciplines 15 MedaillesRang: 4 goud9 zilver7 brons12 totaal28 Verenigde Staten op de Zomerspelen 1896 · 1900 · 1904 · 1908 · 1912 · 1920 · 1924 · 1928 · 1932 · 1936 · 1948 · 1952 · 1956 · 1960 · 1964 · 1968 · 1972 · 1976 …

Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Матер…

替代阵线Alternative Front Barisan Alternatifமாற்று முன்னணி简称BA、替阵成立1998年9月20日 (1998-09-20)设立(未正式注册)解散2008年3月31日 (2008-03-31)前身 穆斯林团结阵线(APU) 人民阵线(GR)继承者人民联盟(PR)总部八打灵再也(人民公正党) 黑风洞镇(马来西亚人民党) 吉隆坡(民主行动党和伊斯兰党)党报《公正之声(馬來語:Suara Keadilan)》《火箭报(馬來…

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