Duckworth is the first Thai American woman elected to Congress, the first person born in Thailand elected to Congress, the first woman with a disability elected to Congress, the first female double amputee in the Senate, and the first senator to give birth while in office. She is the second Asian American woman to serve in the Senate, after Mazie Hirono.[5]
Early life and education
Duckworth was born in Bangkok, Thailand, the daughter of an American living there at the time, Franklin Duckworth, and his wife, Lamai Sompornpairin.[6] Her father, who died in 2005,[7] was a veteran of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps[8] who traced his family's roots to the American Revolution.[9] Duckworth is also descended from Henry Coe, her 6th-great grandfather, who owned four slaves mentioned in freedom clauses of his 1827 will; according to Duckworth, although "gut wrenching" . . . "it's a disservice to our nation and our history to walk away from this [fact]. If I am going to claim—and be proud that—I am a Daughter of the American Revolution, then I have to acknowledge that I am also a daughter of people who enslaved other people".[10] Her mother is Thai Chinese,[11] originally from Chiang Mai.[12] Her father was a Baptist,[13] who after his military service worked with the United Nations and international companies in refugee, housing, and development programs.[14] As the family moved around Southeast Asia for her father's work, Duckworth became fluent in Thai and Indonesian, in addition to English.[15]
Later, Duckworth began a PhD program at Northern Illinois University, with interests in public health and the politics of southeast Asia, which was interrupted by her war service.[23] She completed a PhD in human services at Capella University School of Public Service Leadership in March 2015.[24][25] Her dissertation was titled Exploring Illinois physicians' experience using electronic medical records (EMR) via the UTAUT model.[25]
Duckworth was working toward a Ph.D. in political science at Northern Illinois University, with research interests in the political economy and public health of southeast Asia, when she was deployed to Iraq in 2004.[30] She lost her right leg near the hip and her left leg below the knee[33] from injuries sustained on November 12, 2004, when the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter she was co-piloting was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired by Iraqi insurgents.[34] She was the first American female double amputee from the Iraq War.[3] The explosion severely broke her right arm and tore tissue from it, necessitating major surgery to repair it. Duckworth received a Purple Heart[34] on December 3 and was promoted to the rank of major on December 21 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center,[35] where she was presented with an Air Medal and Army Commendation Medal.[34] She retired from the Illinois Army National Guard in October 2014 as a lieutenant colonel.[36]
Duckworth being sworn in as Assistant Secretary of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, by Judge John J. Farley with her husband Bryan Bowlsbey beside her
On November 21, 2006, several weeks after losing her first congressional campaign, Duckworth was appointed director of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs by Governor Rod Blagojevich.[39][40] She served in that position until February 8, 2009. While director, she was credited with starting a program to help veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and veterans with brain injuries.[41]
On September 17, 2008, Duckworth attended a campaign event for Dan Seals, the Democratic candidate for Illinois's 10th congressional district. She used vacation time, but violated Illinois law by going to the event in a state-owned van that was equipped for a person with physical disabilities. She acknowledged the mistake and repaid the state for the use of the van.[42]
In 2009, two Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs employees at the Anna Veterans' Home in Union County filed a lawsuit against Duckworth.[43] The lawsuit alleged that she wrongfully terminated one employee and threatened and intimidated another for bringing reports of abuse and misconduct of veterans when she was head of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs.[44] Duckworth was represented in the suit by the Illinois Attorney General's office.[45] The case was dismissed twice but refilings were allowed.[46][47] The case settled in June 2016 for $26,000 with no admission of wrongdoing.[46] The plaintiffs later indicated they no longer wanted to settle, but the judge gave them 21 days to sign the settlement and canceled the trial.[48][49]
On February 3, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Duckworth to be the Assistant Secretary of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).[50] and the United States Senate confirmed her for the position on April 22.[51] As Assistant Secretary, she coordinated a joint initiative with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to help end Veteran homelessness, worked to address the unique challenges faced by female as well as Native American Veterans, and created the Office of Online Communications to improve the VA's accessibility, especially among young Veterans.[52] Duckworth resigned her position in June 2011 in order to launch her campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in Illinois's 8th congressional district.[53]
After longtime incumbent Republican Henry Hyde announced his retirement from Congress, several candidates began campaigning for the open seat. Duckworth won the Democratic primary with a plurality of 44%, defeating 2004 nominee Christine Cegelis with 40%, and Wheaton College professor Lindy Scott with 16%. State SenatorPeter Roskam was unopposed in the Republican primary. For the general election, Duckworth was endorsed by EMILY's List, a political action committee that supports female Democratic candidates who back abortion rights.[54] She was also endorsed by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the Fraternal Order of Police.[55][56] While she raised $4.5 million to Roskam's $3.44 million, Duckworth lost by 4,810 votes, receiving 49% to Roskam's 51%.[57]
Duckworth as a U.S. representative during the 113th congress
In July 2011, Duckworth launched her campaign to run in 2012 for Illinois's 8th congressional district. She defeated former Deputy Treasurer of IllinoisRaja Krishnamoorthi for the Democratic nomination on March 20, 2012, then faced incumbent Republican Joe Walsh in the general election.[58] Duckworth received the endorsement of both the Chicago Tribune and the Daily Herald.[59][60] Walsh generated controversy when in July 2012, at a campaign event, he accused Duckworth of politicizing her military service and injuries, saying "my God, that's all she talks about. Our true heroes, the men and women who served us, it's the last thing in the world they talk about." Walsh called the controversy over his comments "a political ploy to distort my words and distract voters" and said that "Of course Tammy Duckworth is a hero ... I have called her a hero hundreds of times."[61]
On November 6, 2012, Duckworth defeated Walsh 55%–45%,[62] making her the first Asian-American from Illinois in Congress,[63] the first woman with a disability elected to Congress,[64] and the first member of Congress born in Thailand.[65]
In the 2014 general election, Duckworth faced Republican nominee Larry Kaifesh, a United States Marine Corps officer who had recently left active duty as a colonel.[66] She defeated him with 56% of the vote.[67]
Tenure
Duckworth was sworn into office on January 3, 2013.[68]
On April 3, 2013, Duckworth publicly returned 8.4% ($1,218) of her congressional salary for that month to the United States Department of Treasury in solidarity with furloughed government workers.[69]
On June 26, 2013, during a hearing of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, Duckworth received national media attention after questioning Strong Castle CEO Braulio Castillo on a $500 million government contract the company had been awarded based on Castillo's disabled veteran status.[70][71] Castillo had injured his ankle at the US Military Academy's prep school, USMAPS, in 1984.[72]
On March 30, 2015, Duckworth announced that she would challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Mark Kirk in the 2016 Senate election in Illinois.[73] She defeated Andrea Zopp and Napoleon Harris in the March 15, 2016, Democratic primary.[74]
During a televised debate on October 27, 2016, Duckworth talked about her ancestors' past service in the U.S. military. Kirk responded, "I'd forgotten that your parents came all the way from Thailand to serve George Washington." This led the Human Rights Campaign to rescind its endorsement of Kirk and switch it to Duckworth, calling Kirk's comment "deeply offensive and racist."[75][76]
Duckworth was endorsed by Barack Obama, who actively campaigned for her.[77]
On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk, 55% to 40%.[78] She and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono, who was elected in 2012.[4]
In March 2021, Duckworth announced her candidacy for reelection in 2022.[79] On November 8, 2022, she was reelected, defeating Republican nominee Kathy Salvi.[80] The win made Duckworth the first woman reelected to the Senate from Illinois.[81]
Tenure
Senate Diversity Initiative in support of diversity in the Senate and its staff, June 21, 2017
First term (2017–2023)
According to The Center for Effective Lawmaking (CEL), a joint partnership between the University of Virginia's Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy and Vanderbilt University,[82] Duckworth's "Legislative Effectiveness Score" (LES) is "Exceeds Expectations" as a freshman senator in the 115th Congress (2017–18), the 11th highest out of 48 Democratic senators.[83]
GovTrack's Report Card on Duckworth for the 115th Congress found that among Senate freshmen, she ranked first in favorably reporting bills out of committee and "Got influential cosponsors the most often compared to Senate freshmen."[84] GovTrack also found that in the first session of the 116th Congress, Duckworth ranked first in favorably reporting bills out of committee and "Got influential cosponsors the most often compared to Senate sophomores."[85]
During the 115th Congress, Duckworth was credited with saving the Americans with Disabilities Act.[86] Specifically, she led public opposition to a controversial bill, H.R. 620,[87] and led 42 senators in pledging to oppose any effort to pass H.R. 620 through the Senate.[88] The Veterans Service Organization and Paralyzed Veterans of America recognized Duckworth's leadership in defending the Americans with Disabilities Act.[89]
In January 2018, when the federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting "unlawful immigrants" ahead of the military:
I spent my entire adult life looking out for the well-being, the training, the equipping of the troops for whom I was responsible. Sadly, this is something that the current occupant of the Oval Office does not seem to care to do—and I will not be lectured about what our military needs by a five-deferment draft dodger. And I have a message for Cadet Bone Spurs: If you cared about our military, you'd stop baiting Kim Jong Un into a war that could put 85,000 American troops, and millions of innocent civilians, in danger.[90]
Stop Kavanaugh press conference on September 6, 2018
In 2018, Duckworth became the first U.S. senator to give birth while in office.[91] Shortly afterward, the Senate passed Senate Resolution 463, which she introduced on April 12, 2018,[92] by unanimous consent. The resolution changed Senate rules so that a senator may bring a child under one year old to the Senate floor during votes.[93] The day after the rules were changed, Duckworth's daughter became the first baby on the Senate floor.[92][94]
On April 15, 2020, the Trump administration invited Duckworth to join a bipartisan task force on the reopening of the economy amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[95]
Duckworth was publicly critical of Trump's decision to nominate Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court in September 2020. A devout Catholic, Barrett is a member of a group that considers in vitro fertilization immoral. Duckworth said that Barrett's membership in such an organization was "disqualifying and, frankly, insulting to every parent". Both of Duckworth's children were conceived by IVF.[96]
The Center for Effective Lawmaking, a joint initiative of the University of Virginia and Vanderbilt University, ranked Duckworth the fifth-most effective Democratic senator in the 116th Congress and the most effective Democratic senator on transportation policy.[97] Craig Volden and Alan Wiseman, co-directors of the Center for Effective Lawmaking, said, "While still in her first term, Senator Tammy Duckworth has risen to the top five among effective Democratic lawmakers in the Senate. She sponsored 77 bills in the 116th Congress, with four of them passing the Republican-controlled Senate and two becoming law."[98]
Duckworth and Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen in Taipei, Taiwan, June 2021
Duckworth is the sponsor of S. 3635, the Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022, which would provide line of duty death designation to law enforcement and other public safety officers who die as a result of traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and other "silent" injuries.[104] The bill is based on the death of Washington, D.C. police officer Jeffrey Smith in the aftermath of the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack. Smith died of post-concussive syndrome after suffering repeated attacks at the Capitol.[105][106]
In November 2023, Duckworth organized a meeting with Israeli defense officials to discuss their strategy in the Israel–Hamas war.[110] When asked whether she would support a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, she replied that it "would not help the residents of Gaza nor would it help the security of Israel".[111]
In April 2019, Duckworth was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in viable options to capture carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that include carbon capture research.[122]
Foreign policy
Duckworth narrates the Salute to Fallen Asian Pacific Islander Heroes in Arlington, Virginia, June 2, 2005.
During her unsuccessful 2006 congressional campaign, Duckworth called on Congress to audit the estimated $437 billion spent on overseas military and foreign aid since September 11, 2001.[123]
On September 30, 2006, Duckworth gave the Democratic Party's response to President George W. Bush's weekly radio address. In it, she criticized Bush's Iraq War strategy.[124]
In May 2019, Duckworth was a cosponsor of the South China Sea and East China Sea Sanctions Act,[127] a bipartisan bill reintroduced by Marco Rubio and Ben Cardin that was intended to disrupt China's consolidation or expansion of its claims of jurisdiction over both the sea and air space in disputed zones in the South China Sea.[128]
Duckworth was rated by the National Rifle Association of America as having a pro-gun control congressional voting record.[131] A gun owner herself, she cites violence in Chicago as a major influence for her support of gun control. She supports universal background checks, the halting of state-to-state gun trafficking,[132] and a national assault weapons ban.[133]
In a 2016 interview with GQ magazine, Duckworth said that gaining control of the Senate and "closing the gap" in the House would be necessary to pass firearm restrictions. She also said she believed that moderate Republicans, who support gun control, would have more power if they were not "pushed aside by those folks who are absolutely beholden to the NRA. And so we never get the vote."[132]
Health policy
Duckworth supports abortion rights.[134][135] After Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022, she said she was "outraged and horrified" and called the decision a "nightmare" that robbed women of their right to make health care decisions.[136]
Duckworth supports comprehensive immigration reform with a pathway to citizenship for those in the country illegally. She would admit 100,000 Syrian refugees into the United States.[137]
In August 2018, Duckworth was one of 17 senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Kamala Harris to United States Secretary of Homeland SecurityKirstjen Nielsen demanding that the Trump administration take immediate action in attempting to reunite 539 migrant children with their families, citing each passing day of inaction as intensifying "trauma that this administration has needlessly caused for children and their families seeking humanitarian protection."[138]
Duckworth is heavily decorated for her service in Iraq, with over 10 distinct military honors, most notably the Purple Heart, an award her Marine father had also received.[34] In 2010, she was inducted into the Army Women's hall of fame.[142]
Former Republican presidential candidate and U.S. senator Bob Dole dedicated his autobiography One Soldier's Story in part to Duckworth.[143] Duckworth credits Dole for inspiring her to pursue public service, while she recuperated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.[144]
Personal life
Duckworth has been married to Bryan Bowlsbey since 1993.[145] They met during Duckworth's participation in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served together in the Illinois Army National Guard.[145] A Signal Corps officer, Bowlsbey is also a veteran of the Iraq War.[145][146] Both have since retired from the armed forces.[147]
Duckworth and Bowlsbey have two daughters: Abigail, born in 2014,[148] and Maile, born in 2018.[149] Maile's birth made Duckworth the first U.S. senator to give birth while in office.[149][150] Former Senator Daniel Akaka helped the couple name both girls; Akaka died on April 6, 2018, three days before Maile was born.[151] Shortly after Maile's birth, a Senate rule change permitted senators to bring children under one year old on the Senate floor to breastfeed.[92] This was a symbolic moment for Duckworth, as she had previously introduced the bipartisan Friendly Airports for Mothers (FAM) Act to ensure new mothers access to safe, clean and accessible lactation rooms in airports.[52] The day after the rule change, Duckworth brought Maile with her during the casting of a Senate vote, making Duckworth the first senator to cast a vote while holding a baby.[92][94]
Duckworth helped establish the Intrepid Foundation to help injured veterans.[152]
^"Highlights from the New 115th Congress Legislative Effectiveness Scores". The Center for Effective Lawmaking. February 27, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2020. Finally, we note those new freshmen lawmakers who are off to a promising start in their first two years, scoring in our "Exceeds Expectations" category in their first term in office. Research suggests that performance in a lawmaker's freshman term is highly correlated with subsequent lawmaking effectiveness, as well as with their overall career trajectory.
Among them are two Senators (out of the eleven Senators in their freshman class), John Kennedy of Louisiana and Tammy Duckworth of Illinois. Kennedy sponsored 26 bills, including four that passed the Senate and eventually became law, on issues ranging from national flood insurance and small business disaster loans to mandatory disclosure of corrupt practices among lobbyists. Duckworth shepherded three of her 45 proposed bills into law, including the Veterans Small Business Enhancement Act of 2018.
^"Highlights from the New 116th Congress Legislative Effectiveness Scores". Sen. Tammy Duckworth is also in her first term as a U.S. Senator. Looking back to the previous Congress, it is worth noting that she was one of only two freshmen Senators in the 115th Congress who was designated to be in our "Exceeds Expectations" categories, and she continues to retain that rating into the 116th Congress, in which she rounds out the top five most effective Democratic lawmakers in the Senate.
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