Tatlin's Tower

Monument to the Third International
Monument to the Third International
Памятник III Интернационалу
	Vladimir Tatlin and a model of his Monument to the Third International, Moscow, 1920.
Alternative names	Tatlinʼs Tower
General information
Status	Proposed
Type	Monument, Communications, Conferences, Government, etc.
Architectural style	Constructivism
Location	St. Petersburg, Russia
Height	400 m (1,300 ft)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Vladimir Tatlin
Architecture firm	Creative Collective

Tatlinʼs Tower, or the project for the Monument to the Third International (1919–20),^[1] was a design for a grand monumental building by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, that was never built.^[2] It was planned to be erected in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) after the October Revolution of 1917, as the headquarters and monument of the Communist International (the "Third International").

Plans

Tatlinʼs Constructivist tower was to be built from industrial materials: iron, glass and steel. In materials, shape and function, it was envisaged as a towering symbol of modernity. It would have dwarfed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The tower's main form was a twin helix which spiraled up to 400 m (1,300 feet) in height,^[3] around which visitors would be transported with the aid of various mechanical devices. The main framework would contain four large suspended geometric structures. These structures would rotate at different rates. At the base of the structure was a cube which was designed as a venue for lectures, conferences and legislative meetings, and this would complete a rotation in the span of one year. Above the cube would be a smaller pyramid housing executive activities and completing a rotation once a month. Further up would be a cylinder, which was to house an information centre, issuing news bulletins and manifestos via telegraph, radio and loudspeaker, and would complete a rotation once a day. At the top, there would be a hemisphere for radio equipment. There were also plans to install a gigantic open-air screen on the cylinder, and a further projector which would be able to cast messages across the clouds on any overcast day.^[4]

Evaluations

There are serious doubts about the tower’s structural practicality, had it ever been built—which it was not because of the gigantic amount of steel required, which was impossible to obtain in bankrupt post-revolutionary Russia, in the context of housing shortages and political turmoil.^[4]

Tatlin's tower was critical to Soviet propaganda. Symbolically, the tower was said to represent the aspirations of its originating country^[3] and a challenge to the Eiffel Tower as the foremost symbol of modernity.^[5] Soviet critic Viktor Shklovsky is said to have called it a monument "made of steel, glass and revolution."^[3]

Models

There are models of Tatlinʼs Tower at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden, at Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, and at Musée National d'Art Moderne at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. A 1:42 model was built at The Royal Academy of Arts, London in November 2011. In September 2017, the same 1:42 model was erected as part of the ʻRussian Seasonʼ at the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich. Since the exhibition closed in February 2018,^[6] the tower is expected to continue as a feature of the University of East Anglia's 'sculpture park' until the end of 2021.^[7]

Ai Weiweiʼs 2007 sculpture Fountain of Light, currently on display at the Louvre Abu Dhabi, is modelled on the Tatlin Tower.^[8]^[9]

References and sources

References

^ Honour, H. and Fleming, J. (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 819. ISBN 978-1-85669-584-8
^ Janson, H.W. (1995) History of Art. 5th edn. Revised and expanded by Anthony F. Janson. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 820. ISBN 0-500-23701-8
^ ^a ^b ^c Ching, Francis D.K., et al. (2011). Global History of Architecture. 2nd edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 716.
^ ^a ^b Grey, Camilla (1986). The Russian Experiment in Art. London: Thames & Hudson.
^ Hughes, L. (2010). "Art—Russia" in W. H. McNeill, J. H. Bentley, D. Christian, R. C. Croizier, J. R. McNeill, H. Roupp, & J. P. Zinsser (Eds.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 259–267). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing, p. 266.
^ "Sainsbury Centre adds 10-metre tower to UEA sculpture park - Press Release - UEA". www.uea.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ "Sainsbury Centre: Tatlin's Tower". www.uea.ac.uk.
^ "Fountain of Light by Ai Weiwei". My Favorite Arts.
^ Wainwright, Oliver (7 November 2017). "Louvre Abu Dhabi: Jean Nouvel's spectacular palace of culture shimmers in the desert". the Guardian.

Sources

Tatlinʼs Tower: Monument to Revolution, Norbert Lynton, Yale University Press, 2008
Art and Literature under the Bolsheviks: Volume One – The Crisis of Renewal Brandon Taylor, Pluto Press, London 1991
Tatlin, edited by L.A. Zhadova, Thames and Hudson, London 1988
Concepts of Modern Art, edited by Nikos Stangos, Thames and Hudson, London 1981
Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian avant-garde, John Milner, Yale University Press, New Haven 1983
Nikolai Punin. The Monument to the Third International, 1920