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Temple City, California

Temple City, California
City
Temple City Park
Temple City Park
Flag of Temple City, California
Flag
Official seal of Temple City, California
Seal
Motto: 
"Home Of Camellias"
Location of Temple City in Los Angeles County, California
Location of Temple City in Los Angeles County, California
Temple City, California is located in the United States
Temple City, California
Temple City, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 34°6′10″N 118°3′29″W / 34.10278°N 118.05806°W / 34.10278; -118.05806
Country United States
State California
CountyLos Angeles
IncorporatedMay 25, 1960[1]
Named forWalter P. Temple
Government
 • MayorCynthia Sternquist
 • Mayor Pro TemporeWilliam Man
 • City CouncilTom Chavez
Fernando Vizcarra
Vincent Yu
 • City ManagerBryan Cook
Area
[2]
 • Total4.00 sq mi (10.37 km2)
 • Land4.00 sq mi (10.37 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)  0%
Elevation
400 ft (122 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total36,494
 • Density9,100/sq mi (3,500/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code
91780[3]
Area code626[4]
FIPS code06-78148
GNIS feature ID1656640
Websitewww.ci.temple-city.ca.us
Temple City, California
Traditional Chinese坦普爾市
Simplified Chinese坦普尔市
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese天普市

Temple City is a city in Los Angeles County, California located northeast of downtown Los Angeles and at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. Temple City is part of a cluster of cities, along with Pasadena, Arcadia, Alhambra, San Marino, and San Gabriel, in the west San Gabriel Valley.

History

The town of Temple originated on May 30, 1923, when Walter P. Temple (June 7, 1870 – November 13, 1938[5]) purchased 400 acres (160 ha) of land four miles (6.4 km) east of San Gabriel which had been part of Lucky Baldwin's Rancho Santa Anita. The original townsite (Tract 6561, recorded with the LA County Tax Assessor in June 1923) corresponds to the present-day area bounded by Garibaldi Avenue on the north, Baldwin Avenue on the east, Live Oak Avenue on the south, and Encinita Avenue on the west.[6]

Temple, the son and tenth child[7] of Pliny Fisk Temple and William Workman's daughter Antonia Margarita Workman, was born on Rancho La Merced, which is today part of the city of Montebello.[8] This was the site of the original San Gabriel Mission, founded by the Franciscan Fathers next to the rich bottom lands of the San Gabriel River. Historically called "Rio de los Temblores", which means the River of the Earthquakes,[9] it is today known as the Rio Hondo.[10]

Temple envisioned building a community where average people could afford to live and own their homes. He then divided the area into lots and laid out the park facing Las Tunas Drive. He named other streets after friends and family: Workman, Kauffman, Rowland, Temple and Agnes. Bond issues initiated by Temple were responsible for street paving and electricity. Temple also petitioned the Pacific Electric Railway Company to extend its Los Angeles to Alhambra line to a depot adjacent to Temple City Park. The extension of the railway contributed to the steady growth of Temple City, and is commemorated by statues of railcar passengers along Rosemead Boulevard.[7]

In 1925, the Women's Club of Temple City was founded.

City name

The town was originally named "City of Temple" after its founder, Walter Temple, but the United States Postmaster General Harry Stewart New demanded a name change in 1926 because the mail was accidentally being directed to the Phoenix suburb of Tempe. It was officially designated "Temple City" but remained a city in name only until after the post–World War II population explosion followed by incorporation on May 25, 1960,[9] which resulted in the redundant name: "City of Temple City". (This redundancy is shared with other cities in California, such as the City of California City.) Merrill Fitzjohn, the founder and original owner of Fitzjohn Jewelers on Las Tunas Drive, was appointed as the city's first mayor.[11]

2009 Temple City Affair

In January 2009, the Los Angeles County District Attorney began investigating allegations that Temple City's mayor, Judy Wong, along with city council members David Capra, and former mayor Cathe Wilson[12] solicited bribes in exchange for support of the proposed $75 million Temple City Piazza mall project and both women were charged with lying on fair political practice commission disclosure forms.[13] Randy Wang, developer of the Piazza project, made allegations that Wong, Wilson and Councilman David Capra demanded and received cash bribes for their support of the development.[12] Wang raised the allegations as part of his counter-suit against the city, which sued him in April 2008, claiming he failed to meet contractual deadlines of construction on the 4-acre (16,000 m2) Piazza project. Temple City's lawsuit asks that the property, at Las Tunas Drive and Rosemead Boulevard, be returned to the city because of the delays after two groundbreaking ceremonies.[14]

Wong, 55, the city's first Asian council member, was elected in 2003, was re-elected in 2007, and served as the city's first Asian mayor in 2007.[15] Capra pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor count of failure to report a campaign contribution and agreed to resign as a condition for no prison time.[12][16] Nine months after being indicted on charges of bribery and perjury, Wong resigned from office in March 2010; Wilson was voted out of office in spring 2009.[15] In May 2010, Wong accepted a plea agreement of no contest for 10 counts of bribery and perjury. Wong served a 16-month sentence at Chowchilla[16] after pleading no contest to 10 felony counts of bribery, solicitation of bribery and perjury, and she is required to pay $16,700 in restitution to developer Randy Wang. She will have to pay about $16,300 in fines and fees. The judge denied a request from Wong's attorney seeking probation for the one-time politician.[17]

Cathe Wilson was charged with three counts each of perjury and bribery. The perjury charges included one count of lying to the Los Angeles County Grand Jury in 2008 and two counts of submitting false material in Fair Political Practices reports. Although she maintains her innocence, she chose not to plea, and her case was continued.[18] On March 30, 2011, Wilson pleaded innocent to all charges. "Oh, yes, I've got to prove my innocence," Wilson, 78, said at the Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center when asked if she was going forward with the trial. "I wouldn't put my life savings … if I didn't believe in my innocence. It's all a crock."[19] In May 2011 she was convicted on six felony counts.[16] She was sentenced on June 23, 2011, to four years in state prison and to pay more than $10,000 in restitution to the developer.[20] She was released under an Alternative Custody Program in 2013.[21]

Former candidate Scott Carwile, Wilson's protege, pleaded guilty to felony perjury and was granted probation in exchange for testifying against Wilson.[16]

As of August 2014, all persons sentenced to imprisonment in the Temple City Affair have been released.[22][23]

Attempts to block housing

In the aftermath of the passage of SB9, California state housing law, that permitted owners of single-family housing to subdivide their houses into duplexes, NIMBY local officials in Temple City enacted new regulations that sought to disincentivize homeowners from creating duplexes.[24][25] For example, the city required a 1,000-square-foot courtyard separating housing units, as well as enacted a string of burdensome rules and regulations.[25] As a consequence of these rules, there was not a single application for SB9 in Temple City.[25]

California state housing officials have warned Temple City they are potentially in violation of state housing law.[25] According to Temple City city manager Bryan Cook, the city is working in "good faith" with California state housing officials.[25]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
196031,838—
197031,034−2.5%
198028,972−6.6%
199031,1007.3%
200033,3777.3%
201035,5586.5%
202036,4942.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[26][failed verification] 2020[27]

2020

According to the 2020 United States census,[27] Temple City had a population of 36,494.

2010

The 2010 United States Census[28] reported that Temple City had a population of 35,558. The population density was 8,877.2 inhabitants per square mile (3,427.5/km2). The racial makeup of Temple City was 11,941 (33.6%) White (22.8% Non-Hispanic White),[29] 283 (0.8%) African American, 150 (0.4%) Native American, 19,803 (55.7%) Asian, 31 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 2,316 (6.5%) from other races, and 1,034 (2.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6,853 persons (19.3%).

The census reported that 35,136 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 29 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 393 (1.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 11,606 households, out of which 4,402 (37.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,605 (56.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,714 (14.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 686 (5.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 404 (3.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 65 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,973 households (17.0%) were made up of individuals, and 844 (7.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03. There were 9,005 families (77.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.39.

The population was spread out, with 7,549 people (21.2%) under the age of 18, 2,887 people (8.1%) aged 18 to 24, 8,983 people (25.3%) aged 25 to 44, 10,778 people (30.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,361 people (15.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.

There were 12,117 housing units at an average density of 3,025.1 units per square mile (1,168.0 units/km2), of which 7,453 (64.2%) were owner-occupied, and 4,153 (35.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.2%. 23,213 people (65.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 11,923 people (33.5%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Temple City had a median household income of $97,082, with 5.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[29]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.0 square miles (10 km2).

Government

Local Government

The City Council of Temple City has five members. They are each elected by citizens for four-year term and at-large instead of geographical district. The City Council elections are held during the California Primary election starting with the 2020 election. As a legislative body, it is the duty of the council to make the laws and establish policy. In March, the city council appoints one of its members to act as Mayor and one as Mayor Pro Tempore for a 1-year term. The Mayor presides over the council meetings and represents the city at civic functions. The Mayor Pro Tempore serves in the mayor's absence.[30][31]

The current city council members are:[32]

  • Mayor: Tom Chavez [33]
  • Mayor Pro Tem: Vincent Yu [34]
  • Council members: Cynthia Sternquist, William Man, and Fernando Vizcarra.[32]

List of mayors

This is a list of Temple City mayors by year.

State and federal

In the California State Legislature, Temple City is in the 22nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Susan Rubio, and in the 49th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Mike Fong.[47]

In the United States House of Representatives, Temple City is in California's 28th congressional district, represented by Democrat Judy Chu.[48]

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Monrovia Health Center in Monrovia, serving Temple City.[49]

Infrastructure

Fire protection in Temple City is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department.[50] The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Temple Station in Temple City.[51]

Of interest

Of notable interest is that even though the chain no longer has a store within city limits, Winchell's Donuts originated in Temple City, opening on October 8, 1948.[52] In addition, in the 1970s, Temple City was home to Pete & Jake's Hot Rod Repair,[53] noted for custom cars, such as The California Kid.

A Beijing-based restaurant group established its first North American branch Bistro Na's at a strip mall in late 2016.[54][55] The restaurant earned its first Michelin star in June 2019.[56]

Temple City Library

A mural was mounted on the west exterior wall of the remodeled Temple City Library in the summer of 2011. The mural, which was painted by more than 20 Temple City students under the tutelage of West Los Angeles-based muralist Art Mortimer, is the first project of the city's public art advisory group formed in February. The creation of the 8-foot high, 28-foot wide mural was a partnership between the city, the advisory group, Los Angeles County and the Temple City Unified School District and designed by Temple City High school students. It shows famous authors, and is an "interesting and unique way of showing what's inside the library," Mortimer said. Further stating that "The way they depict famous writers throughout history, the things they put in the background, such as books with wings, and their ways of showing the importance of the library in the community was very charming the way they did it."[57]

Events

Camellia Festival

History: In 1944 a contest held by the Woman's Club of Temple City brought forth a slogan "Temple City, Home of Camellias", from which stemmed the annual Camellia Festival. It was in recognition of the significance of family life that the Camellia Festival was founded. The festival, which has attracted national recognition in ensuing years, is sponsored by the City of Temple City. Its purpose is to encourage every youngster in the community to belong to one of recognized youth organizations and to participate in the affairs of their community. Only members of recognized organizations are eligible to enter the Camellia Festival Parade. The Royalty Coronation of two first graders is held the first Friday of February.

The annual Temple City Camellia Festival takes place the last weekend in February. A parade begins the celebration on Saturday morning. The parade commences at the corner of Las Tunas Drive and Rosemead Blvd. Commercial floats are not allowed in the parade, all work is done by the youth and carry the theme of the year. A carnival is part of the three-day festivities, where the public may enjoy the hometown atmosphere in Temple City Park, while they participate in games booths and food booths, run by local service and youth organizations. Varied Cultural entertainment events are open to the community and welcomed guests.[58]

What began in 1944 started by the Women's Club of Temple City as a small parade of youngsters who tossed camellia blossoms to parade watchers, has now become a signature event in Temple City attracting an estimated 5000 children and more than 20,000 visitors to Temple City each year. The Camellia Festival is held on the last weekend in February which is only a part of the three-day festival. A carnival in Temple City Park as well as an Art show.[59]

Parish Fiesta

The annual Saint Luke's Parish Fiestal takes place at the St. Luke the Evangelist Catholic Church in April. Located at Broadway and Cloverly Avenue, for three days, game booths, rides and food stalls are open to the community. Today, approximately 900 volunteers, young and old, work in the food and game booths throughout the weekend. Many of the volunteers worked when the first bazaars began more than 50 years ago. Every year, approximately 10,000 people enjoy the good food, rides, and entertainment throughout the weekend.[60]

Farmers Market

The Temple City's Farmer's Market is open every Sunday from 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at the parking lot between City Hall and Temple City Park.

Education

Most of Temple City is served by the Temple City Unified School District (TCUSD), although a significant portion of the resident students attend schools in Arcadia Unified School District and some attend school within the El Monte City School District. The Temple City Unified School District consists of seven schools, including La Rosa, Cloverly, Emperor, and Longden Elementary Schools; Oak Avenue Intermediate School; Temple City High School; and the Doug Sears Learning Center.

Cleminson Elementary School is physically located within the city limits of Temple City but is actually part of the El Monte City School District. Additionally, Emperor Elementary School, while part of the Temple City Unified School District, is physically located within an unincorporated region of Los Angeles County and carries a San Gabriel postal address.

The Temple City Board of Education proclaims their district as "A District of Distinguished Schools" because every school in the Temple City district has been designated a "distinguished school" by the state of California, at some time. This honor indicates that Temple City Schools are in a higher percentile in categories such as academics, deportment and other scholastic activities.[61]

Saint Luke's Parish School, grades K–8, is located on the grounds of Saint Luke the Evangelist Church, at Broadway and Cloverly. It was founded in 1947. Temporary structures, which were formerly army barracks donated from a parish in North Hollywood housed the new school. A permanent school was opened in 1956 and by 1958 sixteen classrooms were completed.[62]

Notable people

Sister cities

Temple City currently has Sister City relations with the following places:

See also

References

  1. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  3. ^ "USPS – ZIP Code Lookup – Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results". Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  4. ^ "Number Administration System – NPA and City/Town Search Results". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  5. ^ "Temple City, History, California, Walter P. Temple, Los Angeles, Historic Society of Temple City". Villageprofile.com. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  6. ^ [1][dead link]
  7. ^ a b "City of Temple City". Ci.temple-city.ca.us. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  8. ^ "More California Mission History: San Gabriel". Californiamissions.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  9. ^ a b Jerry Jambazian. "History of Temple City". Templecitychamber.org. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  10. ^ "Home – City of Montebello". www.CityOfMontebello.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  11. ^ a b "I Sold Everything". www.templecity.us. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c "Temple City mayor, two others indicted on bribery, perjury charges". Los Angeles Times. June 10, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  13. ^ "Temple City shaken by bribery scandal". Abclocal.go.com. June 11, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  14. ^ "Prosecutors seize tapes in Temple City bribery probe". Pasadena Star-News. March 9, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  15. ^ a b Alfred Lee (March 3, 2010). "Indicted Temple City Councilwoman resigns from office". Pasadena Star-News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  16. ^ a b c d "Our View: Cathe Wilson: Pride before the pol's fall". Whittier Daily News. May 4, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  17. ^ "Ex-Temple City Mayor Wong gets 16 months". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved August 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ "Former Temple City Councilwoman Judy Wong pleads no contest in corruption case, faces 16 months in state prison". Pasadena Star-News. March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  19. ^ "Former Temple City mayor Cathe Wilson maintains her innocence before court appearance". Pasadena Star-News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  20. ^ "Sentencing delayed for convicted ex-Temple City mayor Cathe Wilson". Pasadena Star-News. June 2, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  21. ^ "Cathe Wilson, Imprisoned former Mayor of Temple City, released early under Special Program". Temple City Tribune. May 9, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  22. ^ "Ex-Temple City mayor Judy Wong released from prison after serving sentence in corruption case". SGVTribune.com. May 17, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  23. ^ "Former Temple City Mayor Cathe Wilson's retirement benefits unaffected by felony conviction". PasadenaStarNews.com. February 27, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  24. ^ Dougherty, Conor; Karlamangla, Soumya (September 1, 2022). "California Fights Its NIMBYs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  25. ^ a b c d e Mai-Duc, Christine (2024). "Why a California Plan to Build More Homes Is Failing". WSJ.
  26. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  27. ^ a b "QuickFacts Temple City city, California". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  28. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Temple City city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  29. ^ a b "Temple City (city), California quick facts from the US census bureau". Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  30. ^ "2020 Elections Results by State". usmayors.org. 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.(Note: Temple City appoints mayor in March)
  31. ^ "Facts and Figures - CITY HALL / MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT". templecityphotos.com. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  32. ^ a b "City Council". ci.temple-city.ca.us. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  33. ^ "Mayor Tom Chavez". ci.temple-city.ca.us. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  34. ^ "Mayor Pro Tem Vincent Yu". ci.temple-city.ca.us. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  35. ^ "Former Temple City Mayor Judy Wong Released from Prison". templecitytribune.com. May 18, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  36. ^ "Temple City seats new mayor, council members". sbsun.com. March 18, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  37. ^ "Recognizing Asian American Pacific Heritage Month". schiff.house.gov. May 12, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  38. ^ "Red Cross Kicks Off 100 Years of Service in Pasadena Friday". pasadenanow.com. November 8, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  39. ^ Miller, Terry (March 21, 2014). "Carl Blum selected as Temple City Mayor". templecitytribune.com. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  40. ^ "Temple City swears in newly elected officials, names Tom Chavez mayor". pasadenastarnews.com. March 22, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  41. ^ "Councilmember Tom Chavez Appointed Mayor of Temple City". templecitytribune.com. March 26, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  42. ^ "Tom Chavez: mayor, lawyer, father, professor". pcccourier.com. September 17, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  43. ^ "Cynthia Sternquist (2017)". openpayrolls.com. 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  44. ^ "Advisory: Temple City Named Among California's 50 Saftest Cities". nixle.com. October 16, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  45. ^ "Temple City won't have an election in March after all". sgvtribune.com. December 11, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  46. ^ "Women Mayors in U.S. Cities 2019". rutgers.edu. 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  47. ^ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  48. ^ "California's 28th Congressional District - CA-28 Representatives & District Map". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  49. ^ "Monrovia Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 27, 2010.
  50. ^ "Los Angeles County Fire Department, Temple City, CA : Reviews and maps – Yahoo! Local". Local.yahoo.com. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  51. ^ "Temple Station Archived 2010-01-30 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Retrieved on January 21, 2010.
  52. ^ Bryan Eggers. "WINCHELL'S DONUTS – Burgers, Pizza, Hot Dogs, Tacos, Fries, Candy, Fast Food". Junk Food News. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  53. ^ Street Rodder, 2/78, p.11.
  54. ^ Chan, David (June 1, 2017). "Fine Chinese Dining Has Arrived in Los Angeles". LA Weekly. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  55. ^ Chan, David R. (September 12, 2019). "Chinese Takeout: A Dining Upheaval in LA's San Gabriel Valley". Radii China. Radii Media. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  56. ^ Chang, Andrea (June 4, 2019). "24 L.A. restaurants receive Michelin stars". Los Angeles Times. p. B-2. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 2234336924.
  57. ^ "Mural unveiled on Temple City Library wall". SGVTribune.com. January 22, 2010. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  58. ^ http://74.6.146.127/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=temple+city+camellia+festival&fr=moz35&u=www.ci.temple-city.ca.us/Camellia%2520Festival/2009%2520Camellia/2009%2520Camellia%2520History.pdf&w=temple+city+camellia+festival&d=d4-3RO8_U5Cq&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=lazKXxuPLzbdNentgxQwEw--[permanent dead link]
  59. ^ Miller, Terry (November 6, 2010). "67th Camellia Festival Kick-Off Breakfast Announces Grand Marshal and other dignitaries". Temple City Tribune. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  60. ^ "St. Luke Catholic Church". Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  61. ^ "California School Recognition Program (CA Dept of Education)". Cde.ca.gov. July 16, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  62. ^ "St. Luke Catholic Church". Stluketemplecity.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  63. ^ "Former Times Sportswriter Frank Finch Dies at 81". Los Angeles Times. August 8, 1992.
  64. ^ Knoll, Corina (June 22, 2011). "Jelly Belly creator sour over lost legacy but sees sweet future". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 30, 2020.(Required paid subscription)

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Intentional community

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East Is West

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Bolshevik

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