Theridion
Genus of spiders
Theridion tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution.[ 6] Hawaiian happy face spider (T. grallator ), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and T. nigroannulatum social groups , attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.
Identification
Spiders in this genus are about as long or longer than they are wide. Their chelicerae have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The epigyne can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a colulus is absent from both genders.[ 7] [ 8]
Theridion has the anterior eye row slightly curved and with a gap between it and the posterior eye row. This distinguishes it from Enoplognatha [ 8]
Ecology
Theridion build tangle webs, usually under leaves and among vegetation. At night, spiders hang upside-down in these webs. During the day, they hide close by their webs.[ 9]
Philodromus cespitum Theridion spiders in European fruit orchards.[ 10]
Mating
Mating behaviour has been studied in several Theridion species. It involves pseudocopulation, numerous sperm inductions and copulatory sequences. The male approaches the female to mate, usually in the latter's retreat (a hood-shaped part of the web where the female lives in). Male Theridion perform contralateral insertions, inserting their left palp into the female's right introductory duct and vice versa for the right palp. Female Theridion are less aggressive after mating compared to other genera of theridiids.[ 11]
Species
There are almost 600 described species of Theridion .[ 6] colulus and did not fit into other genera (wastebasket taxon ).[ 9] [ 12] [ 9] [ 12]
T. abruptum Simon, 1884 — North AfricaT. accoense Levy, 1985 — IsraelT. acutitarse Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. adjacens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Mexico to PanamaT. adrianopoli Drensky, 1915 — Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, TurkeyT. aeolium Levi, 1963 — USAT. agrarium Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. agreste Nicolet, 1849 — ChileT. agrifoliae Levi, 1957 — USA, CanadaT. akme Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. akron Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. albidorsum Strand, 1909 — South AfricaT. albidum Banks, 1895 — USA, CanadaT. albioculum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. albipes L. Koch, 1878 — Russia, GeorgiaT. albocinctum Urquhart, 1892 — New ZealandT. albodecoratum Rainbow , 1916T. albolineatum Nicolet, 1849 — ChileT. albolineolatum Caporiacco, 1940 — EthiopiaT. albomaculosum O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri LankaT. albopictum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. albostriatum (L. Koch, 1867) — New Guinea, Queensland, Tonga, Norfolk IslandsT. albulum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — PanamaT. altum Levi, 1963 — ParaguayT. amarga Levi, 1967 — Chile, ArgentinaT. amatitlan Levi, 1963 — GuatemalaT. ambiguum Nicolet, 1849 — ChileT. ampascachi Mello-Leitão, 1941 — ArgentinaT. ampliatum Urquhart, 1892 — New ZealandT. angusticeps Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. angustifrons Caporiacco, 1934 — KarakorumT. annulipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri LankaT. anson Levi, 1967 — Juan Fernandez IslandsT. antillanum Simon, 1894 — West IndiesT. antron Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. apiculatum Roewer, 1942 — QueenslandT. aporum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. apostoli Mello-Leitão, 1945 — ArgentinaT. apulco Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. aragua Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. archeri Levi, 1959 — CubaT. argentatulum Roewer, 1942 — New ZealandT. arizonense Levi, 1957 — USAT. artum Levi, 1959 — Panama, TrinidadT. aruanum Strand, 1911 — Aru IslandsT. arushae Caporiacco, 1947 — TanzaniaT. asbolodes Rainbow, 1917 — South AustraliaT. astrigerum Thorell, 1895 — MyanmarT. atratum Thorell, 1877 — SulawesiT. attritum (Simon, 1908) — Western AustraliaT. auberti Simon, 1904 — South AfricaT. aulos Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. australe Banks, 1899 — USA, Mexico, West IndiesT. baccula Thorell, 1887 — MyanmarT. baltasarense Levi, 1963 — Windward IslandsT. banksi Berland, 1920 — East AfricaT. barbarae Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. beebei Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. bellatulum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. bergi Levi, 1963 — Brazil, Paraguay, ArgentinaT. berlandi Roewer, 1942 — SamoaT. betteni Wiehle, 1960 — PalearcticT. bicruciatum Roewer, 1961 — SenegalT. bidepressum Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — ChinaT. biezankoi Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. biforaminum Gao & Zhu, 1993 — ChinaT. biolleyi Banks, 1909 — Costa RicaT. biseriatum Thorell, 1890 — SumatraT. bitakum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. blackwalli O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — Europe, Russia, Ukraine, North AfricaT. blaisei Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. boesenbergi Strand, 1904 — Europe, Russia, UkraineT. bolivari Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. bolum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. bomae Schmidt, 1957 — CongoT. botanicum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. brachypus Thorell, 1887 — MyanmarT. bradyanum Strand, 1907 — South AfricaT. brunellii Caporiacco, 1940 — EthiopiaT. brunneonigrum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. bryantae Roewer, 1951 — MexicoT. bullatum Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. buxtoni Berland, 1929 — Samoa, Henderson Islands, Tuamotu Arch.T. calcynatum Holmberg, 1876 — Venezuela to ArgentinaT. californicum Banks, 1904 — USA, CanadaT. caliginosum Marples, 1955 — SamoaT. cameronense Levi, 1957 — USA, MexicoT. campestratum Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. caplandense Strand, 1907 — South AfricaT. carinatum Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — ChinaT. carpathium Brignoli, 1984 — GreeceT. cassinicola Simon, 1907 — Guinea-BissauT. castaneum Franganillo, 1931 — CubaT. catharina Marples, 1955 — SamoaT. cavipalpe (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902) — GuatemalaT. cazieri Levi, 1959 — Bahama IslandsT. centrum Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. chacoense Levi, 1963 — BoliviaT. chakinuense Wunderlich, 1995 — TurkmenistanT. chamberlini Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. charitonowi Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. cheimatos Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USAT. cheni Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. chihuahua Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. chiriqui Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. chonetum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. choroni Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. cinctipes Banks, 1898 — USA, MexicoT. cinereum Thorell, 1875 — Russia, UkraineT. circumtextum Simon, 1907 — Guinea-BissauT. climacode Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. clivalum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. cloxum Roberts, 1983 — AldabraT. clypeatellum Tullgren, 1910 — East AfricaT. cochise Levi, 1963 — USAT. cochrum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. cocosense Strand, 1906 — Costa RicaT. coenosum Thorell, 1887 — MyanmarT. cohni Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. coldeniae Baert & Maelfait, 1986 — Galapagos IslandsT. comstocki Berland, 1920 — East AfricaT. confusum O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — YarkandT. conigerum Simon, 1914 — Europe, RussiaT. contreras Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. convexellum Roewer, 1942 — Queensland, New South WalesT. convexisternum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. corcyraeum Brignoli, 1984 — CorfuT. costaricaense Levi, 1963 — Costa Rica to VenezuelaT. cowlesae Levi, 1957 — USAT. coyoacan Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. crinigerum Simon, 1881 — Corsica, Italy, Morocco, AlgeriaT. cruciferum Urquhart, 1886 — New ZealandT. crucum Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. cuspulatum Schmidt & Krause, 1998 — Cape Verde IslandsT. cuyutlan Levi, 1963 — MexicoT. cynicum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 — USA, MexicoT. dafnense Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. darolense Strand, 1906 — EthiopiaT. davisorum Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. dayongense Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. decemmaculatum Thorell, 1890 — SumatraT. decemperlatum (Simon, 1889) — MadagascarT. dedux O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South AfricaT. delicatum O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South AfricaT. derhami Simon, 1895 — Sierra Leone, Gabon, BiokoT. diadematum Chrysanthus , 1963T. dianiphum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. differens Emerton, 1882 — USA, CanadaT. dilucidum Simon, 1897 — Costa Rica to Venezuela, West IndiesT. dilutum Levi, 1957 — USA, MexicoT. dividuum Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USAT. dominica Levi, 1963 — DominicaT. dreisbachi Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. dubium Bradley, 1877 — New GuineaT. dukouense Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. dulcineum Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USAT. durbanicum Lawrence, 1947 — South AfricaT. ecuadorense Levi, 1963 — EcuadorT. egyptium Fawzy & El Erksousy, 2002 — EgyptT. electum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — MexicoT. elegantissimum Roewer, 1942 — TaiwanT. elevatum Thorell, 1881 — QueenslandT. elimatum L. Koch, 1882 — MallorcaT. elisabethae Roewer, 1951 — MexicoT. elli Sedgwick, 1973 — ChileT. ellicottense Dobyns & Bond, 1996 — USAT. emertoni Berland, 1920 — East AfricaT. epiense Berland, 1938 — New HebridesT. eremum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. eugeni Roewer, 1942 — BiokoT. evexum Keyserling, 1884 — Mexico, West Indies to BrazilT. excavatum F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — GuatemalaT. exlineae Levi, 1963 — Ecuador, PeruT. expallidatum O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — YarkandT. familiare O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — PalearcticT. fastosum Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, PeruT. fatuhivaense Berland, 1933 — Marquesas IslandsT. femorale Thorell, 1881 — QueenslandT. femoratissimum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. fernandense Simon, 1907 — BiokoT. filum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. flabelliferum Urquhart, 1887 — New ZealandT. flavonotatum Becker, 1879 — USA, CubaT. flavoornatum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. fornicatum Simon, 1884 — SudanT. frio Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. frizzellorum Levi, 1963 — Colombia, Ecuador, VenezuelaT. frondeum Hentz, 1850 — USA, Bahama IslandsT. fruticum Simon, 1890 — YemenT. fungosum Keyserling, 1886 — Ecuador, PeruT. furfuraceum Simon, 1914 — France, Algeria, SyriaT. fuscodecoratum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. fuscomaculatum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. fuscum Franganillo, 1930 — CubaT. gabardi Simon, 1895 — Sri LankaT. galerum Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. gekkonicum Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. geminipunctum Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, MexicoT. genistae Simon, 1873 — Western Mediterranean to Uzbekistan
T. genistae turanicum Charitonov, 1946 — UzbekistanT. gentile Simon, 1881 — Corsica, AlgeriaT. gertschi Levi, 1959 — USA, MexicoT. gibbum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. gigantipes Keyserling, 1890 — New South Wales, VictoriaT. giraulti Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. glaciale Caporiacco, 1934 — KarakorumT. glaucescens Becker, 1879 — USA, CanadaT. glaucinum Simon, 1881 — FranceT. goodnightorum Levi, 1957 — USA, MexicoT. gracilipes Urquhart, 1889 — New ZealandT. grallator Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. gramineum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. grammatophorum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. grancanariense Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary IslandsT. grandiosum Levi, 1963 — PeruT. grecia Levi, 1959 — Mexico to VenezuelaT. gyirongense Hu & Li, 1987 — ChinaT. hainenense Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. haleakalense Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. hannoniae Denis, 1944 — Europe, North Africa, Madeira, Canary IslandsT. hartmeyeri Simon, 1908 — Western AustraliaT. hassleri Levi, 1963 — HispaniolaT. hebridisianum Berland, 1938 — New HebridesT. helophorum Thorell, 1895 — JavaT. hemerobium Simon, 1914 — USA, Canada, EuropeT. hermonense Levy, 1991 — IsraelT. hewitti Caporiacco, 1949 — EthiopiaT. hidalgo Levi, 1957 — USA, MexicoT. hierichonticum Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. hispidum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico, West Indies to ParaguayT. histrionicum Thorell, 1875 — BalkansT. hondurense Levi, 1959 — HondurasT. hopkinsi Berland, 1929 — SamoaT. hotanense Zhu & Zhou, 1993 — ChinaT. huanuco Levi, 1963 — PeruT. hufengensis Tang, Yin & Peng, 2005 — ChinaT. hui Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. humboldti Levi, 1967 — PeruT. hummeli Schenkel, 1936 — ChinaT. idiotypum Rainbow, 1917 — South AustraliaT. illecebrosum Simon, 1886 — SenegalT. impegrum Keyserling, 1886 — BrazilT. impressithorax Simon, 1895 — PhilippinesT. incanescens Simon, 1890 — YemenT. incertissimum (Caporiacco, 1954) — French Guiana, BrazilT. incertum O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — IndiaT. incomtum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — GuatemalaT. inconspicuum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. indicum Tikader, 1977 — Andaman IslandsT. innocuum Thorell, 1875 — Russia, UkraineT. inquinatum Thorell, 1878 — Myanmar, Singapore, Amboina
T. inquinatum continentale Strand, 1907 — ChinaT. insignitarse Simon, 1907 — GabonT. intritum (Bishop & Crosby, 1926) — USAT. iramon Levi, 1963 — Colombia, EcuadorT. ischagosum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. isorium Levi, 1963 — PeruT. istokpoga Levi, 1957 — USA to PanamaT. italiense Wunderlich, 1995 — ItalyT. jordanense Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. kambalum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. karamayense Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. kauaiense Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. kawea Levi, 1957 — USA, MexicoT. kibonotense Tullgren, 1910 — East AfricaT. kiliani Müller & Heimer, 1990 — ColombiaT. kobrooricum Strand, 1911 — Aru IslandsT. kochi Roewer, 1942 — SamoaT. kollari Doleschall, 1852 — AustriaT. kraepelini Simon, 1905 — JavaT. kraussi Marples, 1957 — FijiT. lacticolor Berland, 1920 — Kenya, Yemen, MadagascarT. laevigatum Blackwall, 1870 — ItalyT. lago Levi, 1963 — EcuadorT. lamperti Strand, 1906 — EthiopiaT. lanceatum Zhang & Zhu, 2007 — ChinaT. lapidicola Kulczynski, 1887 — ItalyT. latisternum Caporiacco, 1934 — KarakorumT. lawrencei Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USAT. leechi Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA, CanadaT. leguiai Chamberlin, 1916 — Colombia, PeruT. lenzianum Strand, 1907 — South AfricaT. leones Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. leucophaeum Simon, 1905 — IndiaT. leve Blackwall, 1877 — SeychellesT. leviorum Gertsch & Riechert , 1976 — USAT. liaoyuanense (Zhu & Yu, 1982) — ChinaT. limatum Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. limitatum L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New South WalesT. linaresense Levi, 1963 — ChileT. linzhiense Hu, 2001 — ChinaT. llano Levi, 1957 — USAT. lomirae Roewer, 1938 — New GuineaT. logan Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USAT. longicrure Marples, 1956 — New ZealandT. longihirsutum Strand, 1907 — ChinaT. longipalpum Zhu, 1998 — China, KoreaT. longipedatum Roewer, 1942 — ColombiaT. ludekingi Thorell, 1890 — JavaT. ludius Simon, 1880 — Malaysia to Australia, New CaledoniaT. lumabani Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. luteitarse Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde IslandsT. macei Simon, 1895 — CongoT. machu Levi, 1963 — PeruT. macropora Tang, Yin & Peng, 2006 — ChinaT. macuchi Levi, 1963 — EcuadorT. maculiferum Roewer, 1942 — ZanzibarT. magdalenense Müller & Heimer, 1990 — ColombiaT. maindroni Simon, 1905 — IndiaT. manjithar Tikader, 1970 — IndiaT. manonoense Marples, 1955 — SamoaT. maranum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. maron Levi, 1963 — ParaguayT. martini Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. mataafa Marples, 1955 — SamoaT. mauense Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. mauiense Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. mehlum Roberts, 1983 — AldabraT. melanoplax Schmidt & Krause, 1996 — Canary IslandsT. melanoprorum Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
T. melanoprorum orientale Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. melanosternon Mello-Leitão, 1947 — BrazilT. melanostictum O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — Mediterranean, Aldabra, Seychelles, China, Japan, USA, HispaniolaT. melanurum Hahn, 1831 — Holarctic, AzoresT. melinum Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. mendozae Berland, 1933 — Marquesas IslandsT. meneghettii Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. metabolum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — PanamaT. metator Simon, 1907 — Guinea-BissauT. michelbacheri Levi, 1957 — USAT. micheneri Levi, 1963 — PanamaT. minutissimum Keyserling, 1884 — Panama, PeruT. minutulum Thorell, 1895 — MyanmarT. miserum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. modestum (Simon, 1894) — Sri LankaT. molliculum Thorell, 1899 — CameroonT. mollissimum L. Koch, 1872 — Australia, SamoaT. montanum Emerton, 1882 — USA, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Finland, RussiaT. monzonense Levi, 1963 — PeruT. mortuale Simon, 1908 — Western AustraliaT. morulum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA, MexicoT. murarium Emerton, 1882 — North AmericaT. musivivoides Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde IslandsT. musivivum Schmidt, 1956 — Canary IslandsT. musivum Simon, 1873 — MediterraneanT. myersi Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico, JamaicaT. mystaceum L. Koch, 1870 — PalearcticT. mysteriosum Schmidt, 1971 — EcuadorT. nadleri Levi, 1959 — TrinidadT. nagorum Roberts, 1983 — AldabraT. nasinotum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. nasutum Wunderlich, 1995 — SardiniaT. necijaense Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. negebense Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. neomexicanum Banks, 1901 — USA, CanadaT. neshamini Levi, 1957 — USAT. nesticum Levi, 1963 — TrinidadT. nigriceps Keyserling, 1891 — BrazilT. nigroannulatum Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, PeruT. nigroplagiatum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. nigropunctatum Lucas, 1846 — MediterraneanT. nigropunctulatum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. nigrosacculatum Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873 — PalearcticT. pierre Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USAT. nilgherinum Simon, 1905 — IndiaT. niphocosmum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. niveopunctatum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. niveum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — MexicoT. nivosum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. nodiferum Simon, 1895 — Sri LankaT. nojimai Yoshida, 1999 — JapanT. nudum Levi, 1959 — Mexico, PanamaT. oatesi Thorell, 1895 — MyanmarT. obscuratum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. ochreolum Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. octoferum Strand, 1909 — South AfricaT. odoratum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. ohlerti Thorell, 1870 — Holarctic
T. ohlerti lundbecki Sørensen, 1898 — GreenlandT. olaup Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. omiltemi Levi, 1959 — Mexico, GuatemalaT. onticolum Levi, 1963 — PeruT. opolon Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. opuntia Levi, 1963 — MexicoT. orgea (Levi, 1967) — BrazilT. orlando (Archer, 1950) — USAT. osprum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. oswaldocruzi Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. otsospotum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. palanum Roberts, 1983 — AldabraT. palgongense Paik, 1996 — KoreaT. pallidulum Roewer, 1942 — East AfricaT. palmgreni Marusik & Tsellarius, 1986 — Finland, Poland, Estonia, RussiaT. pandani Simon, 1895 — CambodiaT. panganii Caporiacco, 1947 — TanzaniaT. paraense Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. parvulum Blackwall, 1870 — SicilyT. parvum Keyserling, 1884 — PeruT. patrizii Caporiacco, 1933 — LibyaT. pelaezi Levi, 1963 — MexicoT. pennsylvanicum Emerton, 1913 — USA, CanadaT. perkinsi Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. pernambucum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. perpusillum Simon, 1885 — MalaysiaT. petraeum L. Koch, 1872 — HolarcticT. petrunkevitchi Berland, 1920 — East AfricaT. phaeostomum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. pictum (Walckenaer, 1802) — HolarcticT. pigrum Keyserling, 1886 — BrazilT. pilatum Urquhart, 1893 — TasmaniaT. piligerum Frauenfeld, 1867 — Nicobar IslandsT. piliphilum Strand, 1907 — South AfricaT. pinastri L. Koch, 1872 — PalearcticT. pinguiculum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. pinicola Simon, 1873 — CorsicaT. pires Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. piriforme Berland, 1938 — New HebridesT. plaumanni Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, BrazilT. plectile Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. plumipes Hasselt, 1882 — SumatraT. pluviale Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. poecilum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. porphyreticum Urquhart, 1889 — New ZealandT. positivum Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, West Indies to ParaguayT. posticatum Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. postmarginatum Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. praeclusum Tullgren, 1910 — TanzaniaT. praemite Simon, 1907 — Sierra LeoneT. praetextum Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
T. praetextum concolor Simon, 1900 — HawaiiT. prominens Blackwall, 1870 — ItalyT. proximum Lawrence, 1964 — South AfricaT. puellae Locket, 1980 — Comoro IslandsT. pulanense Hu, 2001 — ChinaT. pumilio Urquhart, 1886 — New ZealandT. punctipes Emerton, 1924 — USA, MexicoT. punicapunctatum Urquhart, 1891 — New ZealandT. punongpalayum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — PhilippinesT. purcelli O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — St. Helena, South AfricaT. pyramidale L. Koch, 1867 — Queensland, New South WalesT. pyrenaeum Denis, 1944 — Spain, AndorraT. qingzangense Hu, 2001 — ChinaT. quadratum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1882) — Sri Lanka, SumatraT. quadrilineatum Lenz, 1886 — MadagascarT. quadripapulatum Thorell, 1895 — MyanmarT. quadripartitum Keyserling, 1891 — BrazilT. rabuni Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA, Bahama IslandsT. rafflesi Simon, 1899 — SumatraT. rampum Levi, 1963 — Peru, VenezuelaT. ravum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. refugum Drensky, 1929 — Austria, Balkans, Bulgaria, Greece, RussiaT. reinhardti Charitonov, 1946 — UzbekistanT. resum Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. retreatense Strand, 1909 — South AfricaT. retrocitum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. rhodonotum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. ricense Levi, 1959 — Puerto RicoT. rossi Levi, 1963 — PeruT. rostriferum Simon, 1895 — West AfricaT. rothi Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. rubiginosum Keyserling, 1884 — BrazilT. rubrum (Keyserling, 1886) — BrazilT. rurrenabaque Levi, 1963 — BoliviaT. ruwenzoricola Strand, 1913 — Central AfricaT. saanichum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 — USA, Canada, AlaskaT. sabinjonis Strand, 1913 — Central AfricaT. sadani Monga & Singh, 1989 — IndiaT. samoense Berland, 1929 — SamoaT. sanctum Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. sangzhiense Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. sardis Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USAT. saropus Thorell, 1887 — MyanmarT. schlingeri Levi, 1963 — PeruT. schrammeli Levi, 1963 — MexicoT. sciaphilum Benoit, 1977 — St. HelenaT. semitinctum Simon, 1914 — Spain, France, Balearic is.T. senckenbergi Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. septempunctatum Berland, 1933 — Marquesas IslandsT. serpatusum Guan & Zhu, 1993 — ChinaT. sertatum Simon, 1909 — VietnamT. setiferum Roewer, 1942 — MyanmarT. setosum L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New Hebrides, Samoa, New CaledoniaT. setum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. seximaculatum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. sibiricum Marusik, 1988 — Russia, MongoliaT. sinaloa Levi, 1959 — MexicoT. sisyphium (Clerck, 1757) — Palearctic
T. sisyphium foliiferum Thorell, 1875 — SpainT. sisyphium torandae Strand, 1917 — Yarkand, KarakorumT. soaresi Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. societatis Berland, 1934 — TahitiT. solium Benoit, 1977 — St. HelenaT. spinigerum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. spinitarse O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — North AfricaT. spinosissimum Caporiacco, 1934 — KarakorumT. squalidum Urquhart, 1886 — New ZealandT. stamotum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. stannardi Levi, 1963 — MexicoT. strepitus Peck & Shear, 1987 — Galapagos IslandsT. striatum Keyserling, 1884 — BrazilT. styligerum F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Mexico, GuatemalaT. subitum O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — IndiaT. submirabile Zhu & Song, 1993 — China, KoreaT. submissum Gertsch & Davis, 1936 — USA, Mexico, Bahama Islands, JamaicaT. subpingue Simon, 1908 — Western AustraliaT. subradiatum Simon, 1901 — MalaysiaT. subrotundum Keyserling, 1891 — BrazilT. subvittatum Simon, 1889 — IndiaT. sulawesiense Marusik & Penney, 2005 — SulawesiT. swarczewskii Wierzbicki, 1902 — AzerbaijanT. taegense Paik, 1996 — KoreaT. tahitiae Berland, 1934 — TahitiT. tamerlani Roewer, 1942 — MyanmarT. tayrona Müller & Heimer, 1990 — ColombiaT. tebanum Levi, 1963 — VenezuelaT. teliferum Simon, 1895 — Sri LankaT. tenellum C. L. Koch, 1841 — GreeceT. tenuissimum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. teresae Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. tessellatum Thorell, 1899 — CameroonT. teutanoides Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. thaleri Marusik, 1988 — RussiaT. thalia Workman, 1878 — MyanmarT. theridioides (Keyserling, 1890) — China, Queensland, New South WalesT. thorelli L. Koch, 1865 — New South WalesT. tigrae Esyunin & Efimik, 1996 — RussiaT. tikaderi Patel, 1973 — IndiaT. timpanogos Levi, 1957 — USAT. tinctorium Keyserling, 1891 — BrazilT. t-notatum Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar, SingaporeT. todinum Simon, 1880 — New CaledoniaT. topo Levi, 1963 — EcuadorT. torosum Keyserling, 1884 — PeruT. trahax Blackwall, 1866 — AfricaT. transgressum Petrunkevitch, 1911 — USA, MexicoT. trepidum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico to PanamaT. triangulare Franganillo, 1936 — CubaT. trifile Simon, 1907 — West, East AfricaT. trigonicum Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra, JavaT. tristani Levi, 1959 — Costa RicaT. triviale Thorell, 1881 — AustraliaT. trizonatum Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. tubicola Doleschall, 1859 — Java, Moluccas, New GuineaT. tungurahua Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, Ecuador, BrazilT. turrialba Levi, 1959 — Costa RicaT. uber Keyserling, 1884 — BrazilT. uhligi Martin, 1974 — EuropeT. umbilicus Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. uncatum F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — MexicoT. undatum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. undulanotum Roewer, 1942 — New HebridesT. urnigerum Thorell, 1898 — MyanmarT. ursoi Caporiacco, 1947 — EthiopiaT. urucum Levi, 1963 — BrazilT. usitum Strand, 1913 — Central AfricaT. utcuyacu Levi, 1963 — PeruT. valleculum Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. vallisalinarum Levy & Amitai, 1982 — IsraelT. vanhoeffeni Strand, 1909 — South AfricaT. varians Hahn, 1833 — Holarctic
T. varians cyrenaicum Caporiacco, 1933 — LibyaT. varians melanotum Strand, 1907 — GermanyT. varians rusticum Simon, 1873 — Western MediterraneanT. ventricosum Rainbow, 1916 — QueenslandT. vespertinum Levy, 1985 — IsraelT. viridanum Urquhart, 1887 — New ZealandT. volubile Keyserling, 1884 — Venezuela, Ecuador, PeruT. vosserleri Strand, 1907 — East AfricaT. vossi Strand, 1907 — CameroonT. vossioni Simon, 1884 — SudanT. vulvum Levi, 1959 — PanamaT. weberi Thorell, 1892 — SingaporeT. weyrauchi Levi, 1963 — PeruT. whitcombi Sedgwick, 1973 — ChileT. wiehlei Schenkel, 1938 — Spain, France, AlgeriaT. workmani Thorell, 1887 — MyanmarT. xianfengense Zhu & Song, 1992 — China, TaiwanT. xinjiangense (Hu & Wu, 1989) — ChinaT. yani Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. yuma Levi, 1963 — USAT. yunnanense Schenkel, 1963 — ChinaT. zantholabio Urquhart, 1886 — New ZealandT. zebra Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaT. zebrinum Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. zekharya Levy, 2007 — IsraelT. zhangmuense Hu, 2001 — ChinaT. zhaoi Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. zhoui Zhu, 1998 — ChinaT. zonarium Keyserling, 1884 — PeruT. zonatum Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 — UnknownT. zonulatum Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra
References
^ "Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802)" . World Spider Catalog . 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019 .^ Levi, H. W. (1957). "The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 112 : 1–124. ^ Levi, H. W. (1967d). The spider genus Billima Simon. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 74: 340-341
^ Miller, J. A. (2007). "Review of erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 149 : 1–263. doi :10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00233.x . ^ Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology . 127 . ^ a b "NMBE - World Spider Catalog" . wsc.nmbe.ch . Retrieved 2022-09-05 .^ Levi, H. W. (1963). "American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology . 129 . ^ a b "Genus Theridion" . bugguide.net . Retrieved 2022-09-05 .^ a b c Bellvert, Adrià; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2021). "A happy family: systematic revision of the endemic Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) of the Hawaiian Islands" . Invertebrate Systematics . 35 (1): 1–58. doi :10.1071/IS20001 . ISSN 1445-5226 . S2CID 231938492 . ^ Michalko, Radek; Dvoryankina, Viktoriya (1 June 2019). "Intraspecific phenotypic variation in functional traits of a generalist predator in an agricultural landscape". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment . 278 : 35–42. doi :10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.018.
^ Knoflach, Barbara (1998). "Mating in Theridion varians Hahn and related species (Araneae: Theridiidae)" . Journal of Natural History . 32 (4): 545–604. Bibcode :1998JNatH..32..545K . doi :10.1080/00222939800770301 . ISSN 0022-2933 . ^ a b Domènech, Marc; Crespo, Luís C.; Enguídanos, Alba; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2020-04-05). "Mitochondrial discordance in closely related Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae), with description of a new species of the T. melanurum group" . Zoosystematics and Evolution . 96 (1): 159–173. doi :10.3897/zse.96.49946 ISSN 1860-0743 . S2CID 218920405 .
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