Thiệu Trị (Hanoi:[tʰiəw˧˨ʔt͡ɕi˧˨ʔ], chữ Hán: 紹治, lit. "inheritance of prosperity"; 6 June 1807 – 4 November 1847), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông or Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. He was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng, and reigned from 14 February 1841 until his death on 4 November 1847.[1]
Emperor Thiệu Trị was much like his father, Minh Mạng, and carried on his conservative policies of isolationism and the entrenchment of Confucianism. Highly educated in the Confucian tradition, Thiệu Trị had some curiosity about the West, but like his father was very suspicious of all non-Vietnamese outsiders. At this same time, the French were in a colonial race with Great Britain in Southeast Asia and were pushing hard for stronger relations with Indochina. This, just as in the reign of Minh Mạng, also brought up Christian missionaries, mostly Spanish and French, who ignored the ban. When Trị began to imprison the missionaries, it prompted an immediate response from France. In 1843, the French government sent a military expedition to Indochina with orders to protect and defend French interests, free the illegal missionaries, if possible without causing an international incident.[2][3]
Trị's determination to eliminate all Roman Catholic missionaries from his country could not be reconciled with a peaceful relationship with France. In 1845, this almost prompted a clash between Vietnam and the American warship USS Constitution which attempted to force Trị to free the missionary Dominique Lefèbvre, who had repeatedly come to Vietnam illegally multiple times. The French task force reached Tourane on 23 March 1847, and demanded that the safety of French nationals be assured and for Thiệu Trị to cease the persecution of missionaries.
The imperial mandarins put off delivering the emperor's reply and fighting broke out. Thiệu Trị had fortified the coast, but the French forces easily defeated the Vietnamese due to the Nguyễn dynasty's inferior equipment. All of the Vietnamese coastal forts were destroyed and three Nguyễn junks were sunk before the French squadron sailed away. Thiệu Trị called all missionaries enemy spies and demanded that all Christians should be executed on the spot. The mandarins did not put this order into effect and Emperor Thiệu Trị died shortly afterwards; no missionaries were actually ever executed during his reign.[4]
Family
Rank
Title
Name
Year of birth-dead
Note
Consort Quý
Empress Nghi Thiên Chương
The Empress Dowager Từ Dụ
The Great Empress Dowager Từ Dụ
The Great Grand Empress Dowager Từ Dụ
Phạm Thị Hằng
1810–1902
Hometown Gò Công
Phạm Đăng Hưng's daughter
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the second rank consort Thành, now there are no one be the first rank consort so she was the highest rank of the harem.
She was Emperor Tự Đức's mother.
3 years later, she becomes the first rank consort Quý, the highest rank of the harem, just under Imperial Noble Consort (the title for the official wife of the Emperor instead of The Empress)
After he son became the emperor, he promoted her the title The Empress Dowager Từ Dụ. Emperor Hàm Nghi promoted her the title The Great Empress Dowager Từ Dụ. And Thành Thái Emperor promoted her the title The Great Grand Empress Dowager Từ Dụ
Consort Lệnh
The first rank consort Lệnh
Nguyễn Thị Nhậm
Her hometown is An Giang
Nguyễn Văn Nhơn's daughter
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the second rank consort Trinh, just under Consort Thành of Phạm Đăng family.
3 years later, she becomes the first rank consort Lệnh, now she under Consort Quý Phạm Đăng family and Consort Lương of Võ family.
Consort Lương
The first rank Consort Lương
Võ Thị Viên
1815–1880
Her hometown is Thừa Thiên province.
Nguyễn Hữu Linh's daughter.
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the third rank concubine Lương, under consort Thành and Consort Trinh at the second rank, and the third rank concubine Quý who died before. After 3 years she became the first rank consort Lương just under the first rank consort Quý of Phạm Đăng family
Consort Thục
The second rank consort Thục
Nguyễn Thị Xuyên
Her hometown is Quảng Bình province. Nguyễn Văn Phụng's daughter and Concubine Nhu's young sister.
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the third rank concubine Đức. After 3 years she became the second rank consort Thục, she was the only one who had the title of Second rank consort now. Her son, Hồng Y, emperor Dục Đức's father, and emperor Great grand father of Thành Thái emperor.
Concubine Quý
The third rank concubine Quý
Đinh Thị Hạnh
1808–1885
She died before her husband became the emperor. Her son is the first and the oldest prince of the emperor, who was feed by The great grand empress dowager Thuận Thiên, the emperor's grand mother, Gia Long's wife. Her son was expected to become the next emperor but The emperor change d his mind at the end.
Concubine Thụy
The Third rank concubine Thụy
The Great consort dowager
The third rank concubine Đoan
Trương Thị Thận
1817-18889
She is Hiệp Hòa emperor's mother.
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the fourth rank concubine Huy, then become The third rank concubine Thụy.
Hiệp Hòa emperor promoted her the title The Imperial noble consort dowager, her position now just under Empress Dowager Từ Dụ, after her son was deposed, she was stripped the consort dowager title and comeback to the position of the concubine.
Concubine Đức
The Third rank concubine Đức
Nguyễn Thị Huyên
1816–1892
From palace lady before the emperor coronation, she becomes the fourth rank concubine Ý, then become The third rank concubine Đức
Concubine Kỷ
The Third rank concubine Kỷ
Trương Thị Vĩnh
She was the maid palace with no title, but she born Prince Hồng Cai, so she is grandmother of Kiến Phúc emperor, Hàm Nghi emperor and Đồng Khánh emperor and Khải Định Emperor great-grandmother, Bảo Đại Emperor great-great-grandmother, so he promoted her the title of Third rank concubine Kỷ
Concubine Nhu
The fourth rank concubine Nhu
Nguyễn Thị Yên
She was The second rank consort Thục's old sister
Concubine Nhàn
The fifth rank concubine Nhàn
Phan Thị Kháng
Concubine Thuận
The fifth rank concubine Thuận
Hoàng Thị Dĩnh
Lady
The sixth rank lady
Nguyễn Đình Thị Loan
Hồ Thị Nghi
The seventh rank lady
Ngô Thị Xuân
Lady
The ninth rank lady
Trương Thị Thúy
1810–1894
Nguyễn Thị Kinh
Mai Thị Tiêm
1814–1877
Võ Thị Duyên
Phan Thị Diệu
Nguyễn Thị Phương
Nguyễn Thị Vị
Trần Thị Sâm
Phan Thị Thục
Đỗ Thị Trinh
Trương Thị Lương
Nguyễn Thị Khuê
Phan Thị Quý
Maid Palace
Nguyễn Viết Thị Lệ
?-1872
Nguyễn Hòa Thị Hân
Bùi Thị Bút
Nguyễn Thị Huệ
Hồ Thị Ý Nhi
Nguyễn Thị Hương Nhị
Nguyễn Đức Thị Ân
References
^Erica J. Peters – Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: 2011 -Page 32
"Tự Đức (1847–1883) Minh Mạng's eldest son, Thiệu Trị, ruled from his father's death in 1841 until his own demise in 1847. Thiệu Trị passed over his eldest son to leave the throne to his second son, who ruled from 1847 to 1883"
^Jacob Ramsay Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty 2008 "The start of Thiệu Trị's reign saw, for example, an immediate revival of Buddhism at court. A devout Buddhist, Thiệu Trị ordered elaborate mourning rites for his father's funeral."
^Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History −2011 Page 59 "In March 1843, the Heroine arrived in Đà Nẳng harbor, asking for the release of five imprisoned missionaries. King Thiệu Trị complied."
^Charles Keith – Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation −2012 Page 46 "The French raids at Đà nẵng in 1847 ended Thiệu Trị's more relaxed policies toward Catholics, and his successor the Tự Đức emperor, who came to power shortly thereafter, issued in the late 1840s and early 1850s a new wave of edicts ..."
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