In addition to key events during the Constitutional Convention and afterward while the Constitution was put before the states for their ratification, this timeline includes important events that occurred during the run-up to the convention and during the nation's transition from government under the Articles of Confederation to government under the Constitution. It concludes with the unique ratification vote of the Vermont Republic, which at the time was a sovereign state outside the Union. The time span covered is 5 years, 9 months, from March 25, 1785 to January 10, 1791.
Delegates approve a thirteen-point agreement, commonly known as the Mount Vernon Compact, regulating commerce, fishing, and navigation in the waters of the Potomac and Pocomoke Rivers, and Chesapeake Bay.[1] The agreement was subsequently ratified by both the Virginia and Maryland General Assemblies, becoming the nation's first interstate compact.[3][4]
1786
January 21 • Conference to address certain defects of the federal government called
Virginia General Assembly calls for an interstate convention for the purpose of discussing and developing a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade and commerce barriers existing between the various states.[5]
The convention report, sent to Congress and the legislatures of the various states, contains a request that another convention be held the following May at Philadelphia to discuss amending the Articles of Confederation.[5][6]
February 21 • Convention to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation called
The Congress of the Confederation calls a constitutional convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein and when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union".[9]
A letter from "Certain Citizens of Rhode Island" is sent to the convention expressing their support for its work and their regret that not every state will be participating.[10]
May 25 • Constitutional Convention convenes
As enough delegates have gathered at the Pennsylvania State House to constitute a quorum, the constitutional convention is called to order and delegates begin their work. George Washington is elected president of the convention. William Jackson is selected as the secretary to the convention. Alexander Hamilton, Charles Pinckney and George Wythe are chosen to prepare rules for the convention.[12]
May 29 •
Virginia Plan (also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by Edmund Randolph.[13]
May 29 •
Pinckney Plan for structuring the federal government is presented by Charles Pinckney.[14]
Roger Sherman introduces the Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Sherman or Great Compromise) which calls for proportional representation (population-based) in the House of Representatives and equal representation for each state in the Senate. The plan would be referred to committee on July 2 and come up for a vote on July 16.[16]
June 15 •
New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by William Paterson.[17]
June 18 •
Hamilton Plan (also known as the British Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by Alexander Hamilton.[18]
July 2 •
Committee of Eleven, composed of Abraham Baldwin, Gunning Bedford, William Davie, Oliver Ellsworth, Benjamin Franklin, Elbridge Gerry, Luther Martin, George Mason, John Rutledge, William Patterson, and Robert Yates, is selected to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the two houses of the federal legislature. Committees like this one, which included one delegate from each state represented, were established on several occasions during the convention in order to secure a breakthrough so that the deliberative process could move forward in a productive fashion.[19]
Committee of Eleven report calls for the adoption of the Connecticut Compromise introduced by Roger Sherman on June 11. The compromise allowed proportional representation for seats in the House and equal representation for states in the Senate. The plan, which also proposed that all money bills originate in the House, is approved by the convention (5–4–1).[22]
July 24 •
Committee of Detail, composed of John Rutledge, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorham, Oliver Ellsworth, and James Wilson, is selected to write a first draft constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point.[12]
August 6 •
Committee of Detail report, proposing a twenty-three article (plus preamble) constitution is presented.[23]
August 18 •
Committee of Eleven composed of Abraham Baldwin, George Clymer, John Dickinson, Rufus King, John Langdon, William Livingston, George Mason, James McHenry, Charles C. Pinkney, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to address issues related to Federal assumption of state debts. Issues related to the militia are referred to this committee on August 20.[19]
August 22 •
Committee of Eleven composed of Abraham Baldwin, George Clymer, John Dickinson, William Johnson, Rufus King, John Langdon, William Livingston, Luther Martin, James Madison, Charles C. Pinkney, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to address issues related to federal tax and duty levying powers and also its power to regulate or prohibit the migration or importation of slaves.[19]
August 25 •
Committee of Eleven composed of Pierce Butler, Daniel Carrol, Jonathan Dayton, William Few, Thomas FitzSimons, Nathaniel Gorham, John Langdon, George Mason, George Read, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to consider issues related to interstate trade and navigation.[19]
August 31 •
Committee of Eleven (Leftover Business) composed of Abraham Baldwin, David Brearly, Pierce Butler, Daniel Carrol, John Dickinson, Nicholas Gilman, Rufus King, James Madison, Gouvernour Morris, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to settle "such parts of the Constitution as have been postponed, and such parts of Reports as have not been acted on".[12]
September 1–8 •
Committee of Eleven (Leftover Business) addresses several outstanding issues—including the method of choosing a president, the length of a presidential term of office, the president's treaty making power, and the impeachment of the president—and makes a series of reports.[19]
September 8 •
Committee of Style and Arrangement, composed of Alexander Hamilton, William Johnson, Rufus King, James Madison, and Gouverneur Morris, is selected to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty-three approved articles.[12]
September 12 •
Committee of Style and Arrangement presents the completed final draft of the Constitution to the convention for its consideration. The twenty-three articles have been reorganized into a cohesive document containing seven articles, a preamble and a closing endorsement, of which Gouverneur Morris was the primary author.[8] The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress.[24]
The draft Constitution receives the unanimous approval of the state delegations.[26]
September 17 • Constitution signed and convention adjourns
The approved Constitution is signed by thirty-nine delegates from twelve states (all but Rhode Island). One delegate, John Dickinson, who was ill and not present, had George Read sign his name by proxy. Three delegates present declined to sign the document: Edmund Randolph, George Mason, and Elbridge Gerry. George Washington, as president of the convention, signed first. The other delegates then signed, grouped by state in strict congressional voting order. Washington, however, signed near the right margin, and so when the delegates ran out of space beneath his signature, they began a second column of signatures to the left. Jackson, the convention secretary, also signed as a witness. The convention then adjourned sine die.[6]
September 18 • Proposed Constitution published
The Pennsylvania Packet prints the first public copies of the proposed Constitution in Philadelphia.[11]
September 20 •
Proposed Constitution is received by Congress.[27]
Congress of the Confederation votes to transmit the proposed Constitution to the thirteen states for ratification by the people in state conventions, as prescribed In its Article Seven.[29][30]
October 5 •
First Anti-Federalist letter by "Centinel" is published.[31]
Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the Constitution (187–168).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Massachusetts requests that nineteen alterations be made to it.[45]
February 13–22 •
Ratifying convention (first session) held in New Hampshire.[46]
Voters in Rhode Island overwhelmingly reject the Constitution (2,708–237).[47][48]
April 10 •
Albany Antifederal Committee publishes a circular forcefully objecting to the proposed constitution, calling the frame of government "more arbitrary and despotic than that of Great Britain."[49]
Maryland becomes the seventh state to ratify the Constitution (63–11).[38][39]
May 12 •
Ratifying convention begins in South Carolina.[50]
May 23 • Ratification
South Carolina becomes the eighth state to ratify the Constitution (149–73).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, South Carolina requests that two alterations be made to it.[50]
Ratifying convention (second session) begins in New Hampshire.[52]
June 21 • Ratification
New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution (57–47).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, New Hampshire requests that twelve alterations be made to it.[53]
June 21 •
Having been ratified by nine of the thirteen states, the Constitution is officially established, and takes effect for those nine states.[54]
June 25 • Ratification
Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the Constitution (89–79).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Virginia requests that 20 alterations be made to it.[55]
July 2 •
Congress President Cyrus Griffin informs Congress that New Hampshire has ratified the Constitution and notes that this is the ninth ratification transmitted to them. A committee is formed to examine all ratifications received thus far and to develop a plan for putting the new Constitution into operation.[56][57]
July 21 – August 2 •
First ratifying convention held in Hillsborough, North Carolina. With the hope of effecting the incorporation of a bill of rights into the frame of government, delegates vote (184–84) neither to ratify nor to reject the Constitution.[58]
July 26 • Ratification
New York becomes the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution (30–27).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, New York issues a circular letter requesting that 33 alterations be made to it, and also that the new United States Congress take positive action on all amendments demanded by other state ratifying conventions.[59]
Presidential electors meet to cast their votes in their respective states. George Washington is unanimously elected to be the nation's first president and John Adams is elected its first vice president, receiving 34 of 69 votes cast. Only ten of the thirteen states cast electoral votes in this election. North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the Constitution. The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted electors in time, so there were no voting electors from New York.[61][62]
March 4 • United States Congress convenes
The federal government begins operations under the new form of government as members of the 1st United States Congress are seated at Federal Hall in New York City. The Senate of eleven states would include 20 Federalists and two Anti-federalists (both from Virginia). The House would seat 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists (from four states: Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Virginia).[63] However, the initial meeting of each chamber must be adjourned due to lack of a quorum.[64]
April 1 • House of Representatives achieves its first quorum
The House and Senate, meeting in joint session, certify that George Washington has been elected President of the United States and John Adams elected as Vice President.[61][67]
April 21 • John Adams assumes vice presidential duties
John Adams is sworn in as Vice President of the United States in the Senate chamber at Federal Hall in New York City.[68]
April 30 • George Washington assumes presidential duties
September 25 • Constitutional amendments proposed by Congress
Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution are approved by the Senate, having been passed by the House on the preceding day, both without recorded vote, and sent to the states for ratification.[71] Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution December 15, 1791, and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.[72] Article Two became part of the Constitution May 7, 1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment.[73]Article One is technically still pending before the states.[38]
North Carolina becomes the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution (194–77).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, North Carolina requests that twenty-six alterations be made to it.[75]
1790
February 2 • Supreme Court of the United States convenes
Ratifying convention (second session) begins in Rhode Island.[78]
May 29 • Ratification
Rhode Island becomes the last of the thirteen states to ratify the Constitution (34–32).[38][39] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Rhode Island requests that twenty-one alterations be made to it.[79]
1791
January 6 •
Convention to consider joining the United States begins in Vermont.[80]
January 10 • Ratification and application
Vermont votes to ratify the Constitution and to apply for admission to the Union (105–2).[80]
^ ab"Mount Vernon Conference". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
^Alden, Henry Mills, ed. (1880). Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Digitized May 14, 2008. Vol. 60. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 364. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^"Maryland-Virginia Compact of 1785". Virginia Law. Richmond, Virginia: Legislative Information System, Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ abcdefghijklm"Meet the Framers of the Constitution". America's Founding Documents. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. November 3, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ abcd"Presidential Election of 1789". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
^Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George A.; Thomas, Kenneth R., eds. (2004). "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation"(PDF). U.S. Senate Document No. 108–17. Contributors: David M. Ackerman, Henry Cohen, Robert Meltz. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 44 n.19. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
Kilpatrick, James J., ed. (1961). The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government.
Scharf, J. Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609–1888. Vol. One. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: L. J. Richards and Company.
Smith, Page (1962). John Adams. Vol. Two 1784–1826. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding. Vol. 1: A-M. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-85109-669-5.
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