Tocho language

Tocho
Tocho
Tacho
Native to	Sudan
Region	South Kordofan
Ethnicity	Tacho
Native speakers	2,700 (2013)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Talodi–Heiban Talodi Tocho languages Tocho; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	taz
Glottolog	toch1257
ELP	Tocho
	Tocho is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Tocho (Tacho) is a Niger–Congo language in the Talodi family spoken in Kordofan, Sudan. It is spoken by approximately 2,700 people in the following villages: Igije, Imanjela, Thodero, Thoge, Tobaredeng, Tocho Goos, Tocho Saraf Jamus, Toderum, Togero, Togiding, Toriya, Torobang, Tothokrek and Turu.^[2]

Grammar

Phonology

Consonant Phonemes

Following is presented the list of Tocho consonant phonemes according to Akaki and Norton (2013:178).^[2] In Tocho, plosives and nasals can be pronounced in all 5 places, but nasals are missing a dental representative. Compared to older data (Schadeberg 1981^[3]), the flap [ɽ] is mostly merging with the trill [r, rr], but one can also argue that the newer data (Alaki & Norton 2013:178-180^[2]) was collected in Khartoum, where Sudanese Arabic (which does not contain a flap (ɽ), but has a trill [r]) is the official language. So the merging can not be confirmed yet and has to be verificated with data in the villages where Tocho is spoken.^[2]

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar
Plosives
Nasals
Approximants
Trill
Flap

Vowel Phonemes

Noun classes

The Tocho language uses different prefixes to differentiate the numerus of nouns, sorted by noun classes with individual prefix-pairs. Those prefix-pairs consist of mostly all consonant phonemes and the option of none prefix (marked as ø). In most of the classes only the first consonant changes, but in some the difference between singular and plural is also indicated through a change in some of the first vowels, as for example /ʊ ~ ə/ and /a ~ ə/.^[2]

References

^ Tocho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Alaki, Thomas Kuku; Norton, Russell (2013). "Tocho phonology and orthography". In Schadeberg, Thilo Christian; Blench, Roger Marsh (eds.). Nuba Mountain Language Studies. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 177–194. ISBN 9783896454270.
^ Schadeberg, Thilo Christian (1981). A survey of Kordofanian, Volume 2: The Talodi group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.

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[e18-1] Tocho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:0-2] Alaki, Thomas Kuku; Norton, Russell (2013). "Tocho phonology and orthography". In Schadeberg, Thilo Christian; Blench, Roger Marsh (eds.). Nuba Mountain Language Studies. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 177–194. ISBN 9783896454270.

[3] Schadeberg, Thilo Christian (1981). A survey of Kordofanian, Volume 2: The Talodi group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.

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