Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Treaty of Guarantee (proposed)

Not to be confused with Treaty of Guarantee (1960).

The Treaty of Guarantee was an agreement in which the United Kingdom and the United States guaranteed the French border against future German aggression. It came out of a proposal by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after World War I, as a compromise to French Marshal Ferdinand Foch's insistence for the French-German border to be pushed back to the Rhine. Foch felt that the new border would prevent another German invasion into France. (France had been invaded from across the Rhine five times within just over a century: in 1814, 1815, 1870, 1914 and 1918.)[1]

Origins at Versailles

Along with Foch, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau had demanded for Germany's western border to be fixed at the Rhine. Clemenceau relented when the Treaty of Guarantee was proposed, but Foch insisted that the French occupation of the Rhineland was crucial to halt future German aggression.[2]

Lloyd George's proposal and Foch's protest

Lloyd George suggested a compromise. If France relinquished its claims on the Rhine, the United Kingdom and the United States would guarantee the French border against future German aggression. Wilson agreed and treaties to that effect were drawn up. Foch had stated:

"If we do not hold the Rhine permanently there is no neutralization, no disarmament, no written clause of any nature, which can prevent Germany from breaking out across it and gaining the upper hand. No aid could arrive in time from England or America to save France from complete defeat".[1]

Rejection

In return for abandoning the Rhine, Clemenceau accepted solemn guarantees of his country's frontier from his two great allies. Both houses of the British Parliament approved the Treaty of Guarantee in July 1919 under the condition of its ratification by the United States. However, the US Senate refused to approve either it or the Treaty of Versailles, which nullified the British assent.

Clemenceau had been promised that aid in return for giving up the security of the Rhine that his generals had demanded.[2] It was believed that Germany would not have invaded France if it known by Germans that to the British and the Americans would oppose the invasion by military force.[3]

The rejection made Clemenceau unpopular and so ended his political career.

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Shirer p145
  2. ^ a b Shirer p146
  3. ^ Shirer p146
Read more information:

Macchina

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il nome comune dell'autoveicolo, vedi Automobile. Un esempio di macchina (utilizzata per arrotolare le sigarette). Il termine macchina indica un dispositivo meccanico e/o elettrico in grado di convertire energia da una forma all'altra (tecnicamente: lavoro in energia, energia in lavoro, lavoro in lavoro). Una macchina è tipicamente strutturata in un insieme di componenti, collegati tra loro, dotati di azionatori, circuiti di comando e connessi solidalmente a…

The Verve E.P.

1992 EP by VerveVerveEP by VerveReleased7 December 1992RecordedSeptember 1991 – July 1992GenrePsychedelic rock, shoegazing, dream pop, space rockLength31:29Label Vernon Yard (US) Hut (UK, HUTUS1) ProducerBarry Clempson, Paul Schroeder (A Man Called Sun)Verve chronology Wigan Demos(1991) Verve(1992) A Storm in Heaven(1993) Singles from Verve (EP) She's a SuperstarReleased: 22 June 1992 Gravity GraveReleased: 5 October 1992 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]…

Luxor Las Vegas

Hotel and casino in Paradise, Nevada Luxor Hotel redirects here. For the New York City hotel, see Luxor Hotel (New York City). Luxor Las VegasShow map of Las Vegas StripShow map of Nevada Location Paradise, Nevada, U.S. Address 3900 South Las Vegas BoulevardOpening dateOctober 15, 1993; 30 years ago (October 15, 1993)ThemeAncient EgyptNo. of rooms4,407Total gaming space65,214 sq ft (6,058.6 m2)Permanent showsAmerica's Got Talent Presents Superstars LiveBlue Man GroupC…

Bandar Udara Pemba (Tanzania)

Bandar Udara PembaBandar Udara WawiBandar Udara KarumeIATA: PMAICAO: HTPEInformasiJenisSipilPengelolaPemerintahLokasiPulau Pemba, Zanzibar, TanzaniaKetinggian dpl24 mdplKoordinat05°15′26″S 039°48′41″E / 5.25722°S 39.81139°E / -5.25722; 39.81139Landasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan kaki m 02/20 5,003 1,525 Aspal Sumber: DAFIF[1][2] Douglas DC-3 Indigo Aviation sebelum lepas landas di Bandar Udara Pemba, Agustus 2009 Bandar Udara Pemba (…

Andity

AndityLahirAndi Arfianty12 Desember 1981 (umur 42)Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaNama lainAndity ArfiantyPekerjaanpenyanyiKarier musikGenrePop, R&B, jazz, soulInstrumenVokalTahun aktif1999 – sekarangLabelMusic FactoryArtis terkaitYovie Widianto Andi Arfianty atau biasanya dipanggil Andity (lahir 12 Desember 1981) adalah penyanyi berkebangsaan Indonesia. Nama Andity mulai dikenal sejak merilis album Beda pada Juli 2007. Andi adalah salah satu penyanyi yang diorbitkan oleh musisi/k…

Aftermath (album des Rolling Stones)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Aftermath. Aftermath Album de The Rolling Stones Sortie 15 avril 1966 20 juin 1966 Enregistré 3 au 8 décembre 1965 et 6 au 9 mars 1966Studios RCA à Hollywood Durée 53 min 20 s (G-B)43 min 31 s (É-U) Langue Anglais Genre Pop rock, rock psychédélique, Rock 'n' roll Format 33 tours Auteur-compositeur Jagger/Richards Producteur Andrew Loog Oldham Label Decca / ABKCO Critique AllMusic lienBlender [1] Albums de The Rolling Stones Out of Our Heads(1965…

Give It to Me (Timbaland song)

2007 song by Timbaland featuring Nelly Furtado and Justin Timberlake Give It to MeSingle by Timbaland featuring Nelly Furtado and Justin Timberlakefrom the album Shock Value B-sideCome AroundReleasedFebruary 6, 2007 (2007-02-06)StudioThomas Crown (Virginia Beach), Chalice Recording (Los Angeles)Genre Electro hip hop club[1] Length 3:55 (explicit version) 3:33 (radio edit) Label Mosley Blackground Interscope Songwriter(s) Timothy Mosley Nate Hills Timothy Clayton Justin Tim…

SMA Negeri 26 Bandung

SMA Negeri 26 BandungInformasiDidirikan1998JenisNegeriAkreditasiA[1]Nomor Statistik Sekolah30231035110MaskotKijangKepala SekolahLia Aprilina, S.Pd., M.Pd.Ketua KomiteYogaswaraJumlah kelas28 kelasJurusan atau peminatanMIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX MIPA, X IPS, XI MIPA, XI IPS, XII MIPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013Jumlah siswa979 siswa (Januari 2022)AlamatLokasiJL. Sukaluyu No. 26 Kelurahan Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru, Bandung, Jawa Barat,  IndonesiaTel./Faks.022-878…

نيو سكوير (نيويورك)

نيو سكوير     الإحداثيات 41°08′00″N 74°01′00″W / 41.133333333333°N 74.016666666667°W / 41.133333333333; -74.016666666667   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1961  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة روكلاند  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 0.954122 كيلومتر مربع0.922827 كيلومتر مرب…

West Virginia Republican Party

West Virginia affiliate of the Republican Party West Virginia Republican Party ChairpersonMatthew HerridgeGovernorJim JusticeSenate PresidentCraig BlairSpeakerRoger HanshawHeadquartersPO Box 2711Charleston, WV 25330Membership (2023) 456,885[1]IdeologyConservatismNational affiliationRepublican PartyColors  RedSeats in the U.S. Senate1 / 2 Seats in the U.S. House2 / 2 Statewide executive offices6 / 6 Seats in the West Virginia Senate31 / 34 Seats in the West Virginia House of Delegate…

Final Piala Generalísimo 1973

Final Piala Generalísimo 1973TurnamenPiala Generalísimo 1972–1973 Athletic Bilbao Castellón 2 0 Tanggal29 Juni 1973StadionStadion Vicente Calderón, MadridWasitMariano Medina IglesiasPenonton64.200← 1972 1974 → Final Piala Generalísimo 1973 adalah pertandingan final ke-69 dari turnamen sepak bola Piala Generalísimo untuk menentukan juara musim 1972–1973. Pertandingan ini diikuti oleh Athletic Bilbao dan Castellón dan diselenggarakan pada 29 Juni 1973 di Stadion Vicente Cald…

Daud

Untuk tokoh ini dalam sudut pandang Islam, lihat Daud dalam Islam. DaudRaja IsraelRaja Daud memainkan Harpa, karya Gerard van HonthorstRaja IsraelBerkuasa~ 1010 – 1002 SM (di Hebron)~ 1002 – 970 SM (di Yerusalem)[1]PendahuluIsyboset[2][3]PenerusSalomoInformasi pribadiKelahiran~ 1040 SMBethlehem, Yehuda, IsraelKematian~ 970 SMYerusalem, Yehuda, IsraelPemakamanKota DaudWangsaRumah DaudAyahIsaiIbuNitzevet (menurut Talmud)AnakAmnonKileabAbsalomAdoniaSefacaYitreamSyammuaSh…

2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's javelin throw

Events at the2009 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen20 km walkmenwomen50 km walkmenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined…

Mantan Moreland

American actor (1902–1973) Mantan MorelandMoreland in Let's Go Collegiate (1941)Born(1902-09-03)September 3, 1902Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.DiedSeptember 28, 1973(1973-09-28) (aged 71)Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeValhalla Memorial Park CemeteryOther namesMan Tan MorelandManton MorelandOccupationsActorcomedianYears active1933–1973SpouseHazel MorelandChildren1 Mantan Moreland (September 3, 1902 – September 28, 1973) was an American actor and comedia…

Frank Elliott (pemeran)

Frank ElliottFrank ElliottLahir11 Februari 1880Cheshire, InggrisMeninggalJuli 1970 (usia 90)InggrisPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1915–1966 Frank Elliott (11 Februari 1880 – Juli 1970) adalah seorang pemeran film Inggris. Ia tampil dalam 77 film antara 1915 dan 1966. Ia lahir di Cheshire, Inggris. Filmografi pilihan Nearly a Lady (1915) Cora (1915) Mr. Grex of Monte Carlo (1915) The Double Standard (1917) The Love That Dares (1919) Love Insurance (1919) The Railroader (1919) The Scarlet Sha…

Coppa Italia 2023-2024 (turni eliminatori)

Voce principale: Coppa Italia 2023-2024. Coppa Italia 2023-2024 - Turni eliminatoriCoppa Italia Frecciarossa 2023-2024 - Turni eliminatori Competizione Coppa Italia Sport Calcio Edizione 77ª Organizzatore Lega Serie A Date dal 5 agosto 2023al 2 novembre 2023 Partecipanti 36 Formula 3 turni a eliminazione diretta Statistiche Incontri disputati 28 Gol segnati 93 (3,32 per incontro) Pubblico 204 597 (7 307 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 2022-2023 Manuale I turni…

Jeffrey Currey

American politician Jeff CurreyMember of the Connecticut House of Representativesfrom the 11th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 2015Preceded byTim Larson Personal detailsPolitical partyDemocraticResidenceEast Hartford, Connecticut Jeff Currey is an American politician from East Hartford, Connecticut. A Democrat, he has been a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives since 2015, representing the state's 11th district in East Hartford, Manchester and South Windsor.…

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、蘭&…

Первое китайское завоевание государства вьетов

Провинции Империи ХаньЗяоти и Кыутян(Первое китайское завоевание государства вьетов)交阯/交趾 и 九真 Цзяочжи и Цзючжэнь ←   → 111 до н.э. — 39 н. э. Столица Мелинь?, Льенлау?, Лонгбьен? Династия Хань  Медиафайлы на Викискладе История Вьетнама Доисторические времена от 50…

Debtera

Itinerant intellectual religious figure in the Orthodox Tewahedo Church Part of a series onOriental Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodox churches Coptic Syriac Armenian Indian Cilicia Orthodox Tewahedo Ethiopian Eritrean Independent churches Coptic: British Syriac: Malabar Independent Autonomous churches Coptic: French Coptic Orthodox Church Armenian: Constantinople, Jerusalem Syriac: Jacobite Syrian Christian Church History and theology History of Oriental Orthodoxy: Coptic history Tewahedo history Syri…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya