Trench foot

Trench foot
Trench foot
Other names	Immersion foot
	Trench foot as seen on an unidentified soldier during World War I
Specialty	Emergency medicine, podiatry
Symptoms	Tingling, itch and numbness or pain in feet;
Complications	Infection;
Causes	Prolonged exposure of feet to damp;
Treatment	Keep feet dry; Surgical debridement;

Trench foot, also known by other names, is a type of foot damage due to moisture.^[1] Initial symptoms often include tingling or itching which can progress to numbness.^[1]^[2] The feet may become red or bluish in color.^[1] As the condition worsens the feet can start to swell and smell of decay.^[1] Complications may include skin breakdown or infection.^[1]

Trench foot occurs due to prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, damp, and often unsanitary conditions.^[1] Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually occurs at temperatures above freezing,^[1] and can be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury.^[3] Onset can be as rapid as 10 hours.^[1] Risk factors include overly tight boots and not moving.^[4] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve constriction of blood vessels resulting in insufficient blood flow to the feet.^[1] Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination.^[1]

Prevention involves keeping the feet warm, dry, and clean.^[1] After the condition has occurred, pain medications may be required during the gradual rewarming process.^[1] Pain may persist for months following treatment.^[4] Surgery to remove damaged tissue or amputation may be necessary.^[1]

Those in the military are most commonly affected, though cases may also occur in the homeless.^[1] The condition was first described during Napoleon Bonaparte's retreat from Russia in the winter of 1812.^[1]

Names

Trench foot was an informal name applied to the condition from its prevalence during the trench warfare of World War I.^[1] Health officials at the time used a variety of other terms as they studied the condition, but trench foot was eventually formally sanctioned and used.^[2] Informally, it was also known as jungle rot during the Vietnam War.^[5]

It is also known as immersion foot syndrome^[6] and as a nonfreezing cold injury.^[2]

Signs and symptoms

Trench foot frequently begins with the feeling of tingling and an itch in affected feet, and subsequently progresses to numbness or pain.^[1]^[2] The feet may become red or blue as a result of poor blood supply.^[1] Later, as the condition worsens feet can start to swell and smell of decay as muscle and tissue become macerated. The feet often feel warm to the touch.^[1]^[7]

Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called jungle rot. It is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns.^[4]

Causes

Unlike frostbite, trench foot does not require freezing temperatures. It can occur in temperatures up to 16 °C (61 °F) and within as little as 13 hours. Exposure to these environmental conditions causes deterioration and destruction of the capillaries and leads to damage of the surrounding flesh.^[7] Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) has long been regarded as a contributory cause. Unsanitary, cold, and wet conditions can also cause trench foot.^[8]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of trench foot does not usually require any investigations unless an underlying infection of bone is suspected, when an X-ray is performed. A full blood count might show a high white blood cell count if infection is present and inflammatory markers such as an erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein (CRP) might highlight severity.^[1]

Prevention

Trench foot can be prevented by keeping the feet clean, warm, and dry.^[1]

Treatment

Keeping the feet dry is the first line treatment. The initial aim is to protect undamaged tissue of the feet and prevent any further destruction of the feet.^[4]^[7] Applying emollient helps.^[7]

The mainstay of treatment—as with gangrene—is surgical debridement. Severe cases may require amputation.^[1]

Self-treatment consists of changing socks two or three times a day and usage of plenty of talcum powder. Whenever possible, shoes and socks should be taken off, the feet bathed for five minutes and patted dry, talcum powder applied, and feet elevated to let air get to them.^[1]

History

Trench foot was first reported in 1812 by the French army surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey when Napoleon’s army was retreating from Russia.^[1]^[9] It was also a problem for soldiers engaged in trench warfare during World War I, particularly during the winters.^[1] Official statistics put the casualty figure for the condition at around 75,000 for the British and 2,000 for the Americans.^[2] Amputation was avoided if at all possible and the incidence of trench foot had greatly reduced by the winter of 1917–1918 through improvements to the trenches, modification of soldiers' footwear, and the provision of greases—chiefly whale oil^[10]—to prevent damage from excess moisture.^[2] It was also discovered that a key preventive measure was regular foot inspections. Rather than leave each soldier to his own devices, they were all paired and each partner made responsible for the feet of the other. As a team, they were more likely to go to the trouble of actually removing their boots and socks, to check for any damage, and to begin treatment at an earlier stage of damage.^[10] Trench foot reappeared in the US Army during the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s^[5] and in the British Army during the 1982 Falklands War.^[1]^[11] It has been reported among Ukrainian soldiers in 2022 amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[12]

Aside from soldiers, the condition has been documented in coal miners,^[5] survivors of shipwrecks and plane crashes,^[7] as well as music festival attendees at Glastonbury in 1998 and 2007,^[13]^[14] elderly shut-ins trapped in their baths^[6] and hikers.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Bush, Jeffrey S.; Lofgran, Trevor; Watson, Simon (2020), Trench Foot, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29493986
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Atenstaedt, Robert L. (1 December 2006). "Trench Foot: The Medical Response in the First World War 1914–18". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 17 (4): 282–289. doi:10.1580/06-weme-lh-027r.1. ISSN 1080-6032. PMID 17219792.
^ Zafren, Ken. "Nonfreezing cold water (trench foot) and warm water immersion injuries". uptodate.com. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ackerman, Bret T.; Wedmore, Ian S. (2008). "11. Operational Medicine Environmental Considerations". In Schwartz, Richard B.; McManus, John G.; Swienton, Raymond E. (eds.). Tactical Emergency Medicine. LWW medical book collection. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 78–80. ISBN 978-0-7817-7332-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freels, Nicole (7 August 2013), "Can You Still Get 'Trench Foot' Today?", Official site, Lexington: Lexington Podiatry.
^ ^a ^b Matsuura, Hiroki; et al. (September 2019), "Trench Foot: A Disease in the World War I", Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 95, p. 507, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136660, PMID 31123178, S2CID 163167047.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Linklater, James M.; Read, John W.; Hayter, Catherine L. (2013), "3. Imaging of the foot and ankle", in Saltzman, Charles L.; Saltzman, Charles L.; Anderson, Robert (eds.), Mann's Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, vol. 1 (9th ed.), Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, p. 738, ISBN 978-0-323-07242-7
^ Redisch, Walter; Brandman, Otto; Rainone, Salvatore (1 May 1951). "Chronic trench foot: a study of 100 cases". Annals of Internal Medicine. 34 (5): 1163–1168. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1163. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 14830094.
^ Régnier C (2004). "Etiological argument about the Trench Foot". Histoire des sciences médicales (in French). 38 (3): 315–32. PMID 15617178.
^ ^a ^b David, Saul (presenter) (February 2012). Bullets, Boots and Bandages (episode 1/3). BBC Four.
^ Thompson, Julian (18 September 2014). "Falklands Conflict Gallery By Major General Julian Thompson". BBC. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Power cuts and trench foot: winter bites on Ukraine's Donbas front". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
^ Sully, Andy (23 June 2008). "I got trench foot at Glastonbury". BBC News. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
^ Reid, Fiona (2017). Medicine in First World War Europe: Soldiers, Medics, Pacifists. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 51-55. ISBN 978-1-4725-1324-3.
^ Morales, Rick; et al., "The Essential Guide to Jungle Foot Care", Official site, Bristol: Secret Compass.