U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. In colonial America, generally speaking, there were no purchase ages, and alcohol consumption by young teenagers was common, even in taverns.[1] In post-Revolutionary America, such freedom gradually reduced due to religious sentiments (as embodied in the temperance movement) and a growing recognition in the medical community about the dangers of alcohol.[1] The more modern history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' purchase ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the passing into law of the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum purchase age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[2][3][4] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current purchase age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the purchase ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the Tenth Amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their purchase age,[5] while Guam raised its purchase age to 21 in July 2010.[6]
Minimum legal purchase age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was enacted in 1971):
Minimum legal purchase age as of 1975 (when most states had their lowest age limit):
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states: Illinois: The legal purchase age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.: The legal purchase age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota: The legal purchase age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
Minimum legal purchase age as of 1983 (one year before the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed):
1984: Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[11][12]
21 (unless the underage person is not on a licensed premises and the alcoholic beverage is provided by a parent, legal guardian, or spouse over the age of 21) [13]
1982: Raised to 19 1983: Raised to 20 1985: Raised to 21[24]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[25]
1987: Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[9] but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole. 1995: De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[44] 1996: In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[45] Other exceptions still remain.[46]
*When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
*For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
*In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
*The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.
1839–1866: 18: for wine and liquor None: for beer Post-1866: 21 (all)[96]
18: for beer 21: for wine and spirits 1957: 21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[97] 1963: Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[97]
1972: Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[97] 1977: Border state restriction lifted.[97]
1984: Raised to 19 1986: Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[97]
21 (however anyone can drink when a parent, guardian or spouse over 21 is present)[98]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private clubs or establishments possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws[remove or clarification needed].[46]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[26][27] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[44] In other words, the purchase age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a purchase age of 21 unconstitutional.[44] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[45] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[46] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References
^ abRorabaugh, William (1979). The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN0199766312.
^Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). "The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–65. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID19922564.
^ abcdefDee, Thomas S.; Evans, William N. (2001). "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety". The American Economic Review. 91 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.91. JSTOR2677739.
^Wheeler, Waybe (1918). Federal and State Laws Relating to Intoxicating Liquor. Westerville, OH: The American Issue Publishing Company. pp. 129–131. ISBN1241008450.
^ abDaily Collegian, March 16, 1979, "Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [2]Archived 2008-04-19 at the Wayback Machine)
^Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976); Atlantic Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 1 / March, 1985, "Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit" by Paul M. Sommers (SpringerLink online abstract)
^Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, "Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [4])
Edward Fenech Adami Presiden Republik Malta ke-7Masa jabatan4 April 2004 – 4 April 2009 PendahuluGuido de MarcoPenggantiGeorge Abela Informasi pribadiLahir7 Februari 1934Birkirkara, MaltaSuami/istriMary Fenech AdamiSunting kotak info • L • B Edward Fenech Adami (lahir 7 Februari 1934) adalah Perdana Menteri Malta (1987-1996) dan (1998-2004). Ia menjabat sebagai Presiden Republik Malta ketujuh sejak 4 April 2004 saat menggantikan Guido de Marco. [1] Edward Fenech-…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Tari Aduan Sape, yang diciptakan oleh Suhadianto, merupakan tari kreasi asal Bondowoso. Latak belakang dibuatkannya tarian ini berdasarkan tradisi mengadu sapi di daerah tersebut.[1] Dalam tradisi pengaduan sapi, sapi-sapi tersebut akan diberi ma…
Monumen Pembebasan Irian BaratMonumen Pembebasan Irian Barat di Lapangan Banteng.LetakSawah Besar, Jakarta, IndonesiaKoordinat6°10′13″S 106°50′06″E / 6.170298°S 106.834925°E / -6.170298; 106.834925Koordinat: 6°10′13″S 106°50′06″E / 6.170298°S 106.834925°E / -6.170298; 106.834925Dibangun1963ArsitekFriedrich SilabanHenk NgantungPemahatEdhi Sunarso Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat adalah monumen yang dibangun untuk mengenang para…
GaroJumlah populasi1,000,000 (2016)Daerah dengan populasi signifikan Meghalaya700,000 Assam29,100 Tripura6,000 Bangladesh210,000BahasaGaroAgamaKekristenan dan Songsarek…
Arrone kota kecilcommune di Italia Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaUmbraProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Terni NegaraItalia Ibu kotaArrone PendudukTotal2.555 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah41,04 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian239 m Berbatasan denganFerentillo Labro (en) Montefranco Morro Reatino (en) Polino Terni SejarahSanto pelindungYohanes Pembaptis Organisasi politikAnggota dariThe most beautiful villages in Italy (en) Inform…
David A. Granger Presiden Guyana ke-9Masa jabatan16 Mei 2015 – 02 Agustus 2020Perdana MenteriMoses NagamootooWakil PresidenMoses NagamootooCarl Barrington GreenidgeKhemraj RamjattanSydney Allicock PendahuluDonald RamotarPenggantiIrfaan Ali Informasi pribadiLahirDavid Arthur Granger15 Juli 1945 (umur 78)Georgetown, Guiana Inggris (sekarang Guyana)Suami/istriSandra Chan-A-Sue (m. 1970)Anak2Karier militerPihak GuyanaMasa dinas1967–1992Pangk…
Representation of a small human being, common in alchemy and fiction For other uses, see Homunculus (disambiguation). A homunculus (UK: /hɒˈmʌŋkjʊləs/ hom-UNK-yuul-əs, US: /hoʊˈ-/ hohm-, Latin: [hɔˈmʊŋkʊlʊs]; little person, pl.: homunculi UK: /hɒˈmʌŋkjʊliː/ hom-UNK-yuul-ee, US: /hoʊˈ-/ hohm-, Latin: [hɔˈmʊŋkʊli]) is a small human being.[1] Popularized in sixteenth-century alchemy and nineteenth-century fiction, it has historically referred to t…
Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен · …
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مايو 2019) بروتستانت لبنانمناطق الوجود المميزة لبنان 1,400,000 - 1,800,000اللغات العربية: العربية الفصحى واللهجة اللبنا…
Japan Academy PrizeDeskripsiKesempurnaan dalam pembuatan filmNegara JepangDipersembahkan olehAsosiasi Penghargaan Akademi JepangDiberikan perdana1978Situs webhttp://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/ Penghargaan Akademi Jepang (日本アカデミー賞code: ja is deprecated , Nippon Akademī-shō) adalah serangkaian penghargaan yang diberikan secara tahunan sejak 1978 oleh Nippon Academy-shō Association untuk kesempurnaan dalam film Jepang. Kategori penghargaannnya mirip dengan Academy Award. Pia…
National Olympic Committee Bulgarian Olympic CommitteeCountry/Region BulgariaCodeBULCreated1923Recognized1924ContinentalAssociationEOCHeadquartersSofia, BulgariaPresidentStefka KostadinovaSecretary GeneralBelcho GoranovWebsitewww.bgolympic.org The Bulgarian Olympic Committee (Bulgarian: Български олимпийски комитет, Balgarski olimpiyski komitet; abbreviated as БОК, BOC) is a non-profit organization serving as the National Olympic Committee of Bulgaria and a part…
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara DPRK Aceh Tenggara2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai28 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaDenny Febrian Roza, S.STP., M.Si. (Golkar) sejak 4 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IJamudin Selian (Hanura) sejak 4 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IIMaruan Hanafi (Gerindra) sejak 4 Oktober 2019 KomposisiAnggota30Partai & kursi PDI-P (1) NasDem (1) PKB (1) Hanura (9) Dem…
Bunga pohon Ginkgo biloba jantan (kiri) dan betina (kanan). Banyak dari spesies makhluk hidup terbagi menjadi varian jantan dan betina yang disebut sebagai jenis kelamin atau seks.[1][2] Reproduksi seksual melibatkan penggabungan dan pencampuran sifat-sifat genetik yang akan diturunkan dari kedua orang tua melalui gamet. Gamet yang diproduksi oleh suatu makhluk hidup menentukan jenis kelaminnya. Laki-laki memproduksi gamet berukuran kecil (seperti spermatozoa atau sperma pada hew…
City in Texas, United StatesDaingerfield, TexasCityPart of the historic downtownLocation in Morris County and the state of Texas.Coordinates: 33°1′51″N 94°43′28″W / 33.03083°N 94.72444°W / 33.03083; -94.72444CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyMorrisArea[1] • Total2.46 sq mi (6.37 km2) • Land2.46 sq mi (6.36 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation397 ft (121 m…
Lorenzo Valla Lorenzo (atau Laurentius) Valla (pengucapan bahasa Italia: [loˈrɛntso ˈvalla]; c.1407 – 1 Agustus 1457) adalah seorang humanis, retorikawan, dan pengajar Italia. Ia dikenal karena analisis tekstualnya yang menyatakan bahwa Donasi Konstantinus adalah sebuah pemalsuan. Kehidupan awal Valla lahir di Roma.[1] Keluarganya berasal dari Piacenza; ayahnya, Luciave della Valla, adalah seorang pengacara yang bekerja di dewan kepausan. Catatan ^ Chisholm 1911. Referensi Beri…
Chen HongInformasi pribadiNama lahir陈宏Kebangsaan TiongkokLahir28 November 1979 (umur 44) Longyan, Fujian, TiongkokTinggi182 m (597 ft 1+1⁄2 in)PeganganRightMen's singlesPeringkat tertinggi1 (2002) Rekam medali Mewakili Tiongkok Men's badminton World Championships 2006 Madrid Men's Singles 2001 Seville Men's Singles Asian Games 2002 Busan Team Profil di BWF Chen Hong (Hanzi: 陈宏; Pinyin: Chén Hóng; lahir 28 November 1979) adalah seorang pemain bu…
American Hotel and Lodging AssociationAbbreviationAHLAPredecessorAmerican Hotel Protective Association, 1910American Hotel Association, 1917American Hotel and Motel Association, 1962FormationJanuary 1, 1953 (71 years ago) (1953-01-01)TypeNGOLegal statusTrade associationPurposeHospitality industry resourceHeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.Location1201 Northwest New York Avenue, 20005Coordinates38°54′04″N 77°01′42″W / 38.901023°N 77.028464°W / 38.9…
جامعة عباس لغرور معلومات النوع حكومية الموقع الجغرافي المكان خنشلة، الجزائر إحصاءات تعديل مصدري - تعديل جامعة عباس لغرور، هي جامعة حكومية جزائرية بولاية خنشلة،تأسست عام 2001 كمركز جامعي[1] ورقيت بعد ذلك جامعة في عام 2012.[2] التسمية سميت الجامعة باسم الشهيد عباس ل…