USS Merrimac (1894)

	Merrimac being fitted out at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, VA, 23 April 1898
History
Name	1894: Solveig; 1897: Merrimac;
Namesake	1877 Merrimack River
Owner	1894: Christian Michelsen & Co; 1897: JN Robbins & Co; 1898: JT Hogan & Sons; 1898: United States Navy;
Port of registry	1894: Bergen; 1897: New York;
Builder	CS Swan & Hunter, Wallsend
Yard number	194
Launched	29 September 1894
Completed	November 1894
Acquired	by US Government, 12 April 1898
Commissioned	into US Navy, 11 April 1898
Fate	Sunk by Spanish Navy, 2 June 1898
General characteristics
Tonnage	3,380 GRT, 2,193 NRT
Length	330.0 ft (100.6 m)
Beam	44.0 ft (13.4 m)
Depth	18.8 ft (5.7 m)
Decks	1
Installed power	289 NHP
Propulsion	1 × screw; 1 × triple-expansion steam engine;
Speed	11.5 knots (21 km/h)

USS Merrimac, sometimes incorrectly spelt Merrimack, was a cargo steamship that was built in 1894 in England as Solveig for Norwegian owners, and renamed Merrimac when a US shipowner acquired her in 1897.

In 1898 Merrimac was commissioned into the United States Navy as a collier for the Spanish–American War. In June 1898 Spanish Navy ships sank her when she tried to trap them in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. Merrimac is the only US ship that the Spanish Navy sank in that war.

Solveig

CS Swan & Hunter built the ship in Wallsend on the River Tyne as yard number 194. She was launched on 29 September 1894 as Solveig, and completed her that November.^[1] Her registered length was 330.0 ft (100.6 m), her beam was 44.0 ft (13.4 m) and her depth was 18.8 ft (5.7 m). Her tonnages were 3,380 GRT and 2,193 NRT.^[2]

She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine built by North Eastern Marine Engineering of Wallsend. The engine was rated at 289 NHP^[2] and gave her a speed of 11.5 knots (21 km/h).^[1]

Solveig's first owner was Christian Michelsen & Co, who registered her in Bergen, Norway.^[2]

Merrimac

On 9 December 1897 John N Robbins & co acquired Solveig, renamed her Merrimac, and registered her in New York. Ownership then passed to a Jefferson T Hogan, who on 12 April 1898 sold Merrimac to the United States Navy.^[3]

The ship was commissioned as USS Merrimac under the command of Cmdr JW Miller, fitted out at Norfolk Naval Shipyard as a naval collier. She joined the squadron of Commodore WS Schley off Cienfuegos, Cuba, on 20 May, and accompanied the squadron along the coast until it arrived off Santiago de Cuba on 26 May, where she bunkered several US warships.^[3]

Action in Santiago Harbor

A young Lieutenant, Richmond P. Hobson, devised a plan to scuttle Merrimac as a blockship to trap Spanish warships that were thought to be in Santiago harbor. Admiral William T. Sampson approved of his plan, and a skeleton crew of seven volunteers was selected: three from Merrimac's crew, three from the cruiser New York, and one from the battleship Iowa.^[4] Command of Merrimac was transferred from Cmdr Miller to Lieut Hobson.^[5]

It took two days of intense work to prepare Merrimac for her mission. An anchor was fitted to her stern to help to position her correctly to obstruct the harbor mouth. Ten improvised torpedoes were hung under her hull, to be electrically detonated simultaneously once Merrimac was in the correct position.^[6] Merrimac towed a dinghy, in which Hobson planned that he and his men would abandon ship.^[7] A launch from USS New York accompanied Merrimac as far as the harbor mouth, where it was to wait to pick up Hobson and his crew from the dinghy.^[5]

Merrimac reached the narrowest part of the channel, where he planned to scuttle her. But Spanish coastal artillery howitzers opened fire, and a shell disabled Merrimac's steering gear, which prevented Hobson and his crew from swinging her into position. Enemy fire also damaged some of the electric batteries that were meant to detonate the torpedoes.^[8] Hobson was able to detonate only three of the ten torpedoes, and these did not immediately sink her. A Spanish submarine mine tore a hole in her side, and she grounded on a promontory called Estrella Point. The American steamer was later sunk by the combined gunfire and the torpedoes of the protected cruiser Vizcaya,^[9] the unprotected cruiser Reina Mercedes, and the destroyer Pluton.^[10] She sank in a position that did not obstruct navigation.^[11] Hobson and all of his skeleton crew survived, and abandoned ship in the dinghy.^[8]

Spanish artillery fire drove off USS New York's launch, and at daybreak the Spanish Admiral, Pascual Cervera y Topete, came in his launch to rescue and capture Hobson and his crew. He congratulated his prisoners on their bravery.^[12] That afternoon Cervera sent his Chief of Staff, Captain Oviedo, under flag of truce to USS New York to tell Admiral Sampson that Hobson and all of his crew had been safely rescued and captured, that only two were wounded,^[13] and that Cervera admired their valor.^[3]^[8]^[14]

"¡Bien, muy bien! ¡Sois unos valientes! ¡Os felicito!"
"Good, very good! You are brave! I congratulate you!"
— Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera congratulating the American prisoners after their failed attempt, ^[15]

Hobson and his crew were held as prisoners of war first in Morro Castle, and then in Santiago.^[8] Hobson was kept prisoner in the barracks, andhis men were held in the hospital.^[16] A month later, on 3 July 1898, the US Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. On 6 July, Hobson and his seven crewmen were all released in a prisoner exchange.^[8] Each was awarded the Medal of Honor.^[17]

Skeleton crew

The eight volunteer crewman of the Merrimac were:

Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson
Coxswain Claus K. R. Clausen (USS New York)
Coxswain Osborn W. Deignan (USS Merrimac)
Coxswain John E. Murphy (USS Iowa)
Chief Master-At-Arms Daniel Montague (USS New York)
Gunner's Mate First Class George Charette (USS New York)
Machinist First Class George F. Phillips (USS Merrimac)
Watertender Francis Kelly (USS Merrimac)

Richmond Hobson
Claus Clausen
Osborn Deignan
John E Murphy
Daniel Montague
George Charrette
George F Phillips
Francis Kelly

References

^ ^a ^b "Solveig". Tyne Built Ships. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lloyd's Register 1896, SOL–SOM.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Merrimac II (Str)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Otis 1898, p. 158.
^ ^a ^b Wiley & Rines 1915, p. 125.
^ Wiley & Rines 1915, p. 124.
^ Otis 1898, p. 157.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wiley & Rines 1915, p. 127.
^ Otis 1898, p. 168.
^ "What Hobson and his own men could not do by means of their own torpedoes, the Spaniards did with theirs, for they launched several from the Mercedes and the Pluton which gave the coup de grace, sinking the Merrimack just off Socapa Point." Wiley, Edwin and Everett Rines, Irving (1915). Lectures on the growth and development of the United States, Volume 10. American Educational Alliance, p. 126
^ Wiley & Rines 1915, p. 126.
^ Hobson 1899, p. 90.
^ Otis 1898, p. 164.
^ Otis 1898, p. 166.
^ Biography of Pascual Cervera Todoavante (in spanish)
^ Otis 1898, p. 170.
^ Hobson 1899, p. xxiv.

Bibliography

Hobson, Richmond Pearson (1899). The Sinking of the Merrimac. Classics of Naval Literature. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-632-5.
Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamships. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1896 – via Internet Archive.
Otis, James (1898). "VIII. Hobson and the Merrimac". The Boys of '98. Boston, CT: Dana Estes & Company. pp. 149–170 – via Project Gutenberg.
Wiley, Edwin; Rines, Irving Everett (1915). "Chapter VI. 1898. Hobson and the Merrimack.". Lectures on the growth and development of the United States. Vol. 10. Washington, DC: American Educational Alliance. pp. 124–128 – via Internet Archive.

External links

Media related to USS Merrimac (1894) at Wikimedia Commons

"Sinking of the U.S. Navy Collier Merrimac". The Spanish American War Centennial Website. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
"Cervera y Topete, Pascual3". Historia Naval de España (in Spanish). Todoavante. 9 October 2022.