Unionization

Unionization is the creation and growth of modern trade unions. Trade unions were often seen as a left-wing, socialist concept,^[1] whose popularity has increased during the 19th century when a rise in industrial capitalism saw a decrease in motives for up-keeping workers' rights.^[2]

Workers usually create unions when they face a certain struggle within their industry. They tend to organize themselves by sector of employment and may join a general union to represent employees in all sectors. Different unions may vary in how much emphasis is placed on participation, union leadership, aims, and techniques, depending on the impact of their action.^[3]^[4]

On average, blue-collar workers tend to be more unionized than white-collar workers.^[5]

Motives for unionization

Modern trade unions form due to many different reasons, mainly due to changes in a country's economy or decreasing demand for labour in a specific industry.^[6] Workers usually form unions when they feel that the fact that they do not have a say in the workplace threatens their job security, which in turn affects their economical position.

Bureaucratization

Members are more likely to unionize when they collectively have problems with their workplace, however this leaves out workers who do not have much of a high standing in the environment.^[7]

Different workers may have different goals, which may include either promotions or a higher pay. Unions attracted disadvantaged workers to enable collective bargaining power between them with employers to negotiate better wages, benefits, and employment terms.^[8]

There have been some studies suggesting workers join unions due to social pressures, however there have also been studies that suggest the opposite. As such, the likelihood of social pressures effecting workers joining a union likely varies from environment to environment.^[9]

Opposition

Company management usually disprove of unions due to collective action by workers cutting into a company's profit shares.^[10] Although, in the United States, it is illegal for an employer to interfere with workers' right to unionize,^[11] workers may sometimes feel agitated about joining a union if disapproval is expected from employers, as there may be an underlying belief that an employee's social standing with an employer may be tarnished.^[12]

Employers who take part in actively combating the process of unionization or the efforts of the union are engaging in union busting.

Forms of organization

Union membership tend to be organized by either their industry, ultimate goal, or employer.^[13]

Craft unionism

In craft unionism, workers are organized by their job or profession. Unions that belong to this group tend to focus on improving the conditions of a particular industry,^[14] for example when the Writers Guild of America striked on behalf of its writers.

Industrial unionism

In industrial unionism, workers are organized together regardless of their job or profession, where a higher membership count gives a union more influence across many different industries.

Solidarity unionism

In solidarity unionism, workers who wish to directly attempt to take action without any form of mediation are organized together.

Types of unionization models

Different unionization models are used to guide a union's efforts to reach its goals.^[15]

Servicing model

The service model is where union organizers use legal and other types of resources that are not affiliated with the employer or workforce.^[16]

Organizing model

The organizing model is a model developed in the United States that re thinks union organizers as being teachers and mentors that encourage and instruct union members in carrying out their own activism. This is in contrast to the Service Model of Organizing, where the union is charged with settling disputes and solving problems. The goal with the organizing model is to encourage union members to be more active and engaged in their union.^[16]

Effects of unionization

In relation to gender

According to a study conducted in 1992, conventional unionization organization strategies were most applicable towards men working in the manufacturing sector, forcing those who were not affiliated with such to initiate contact with a union. Women were more likely than men to desire a form of unionization, however they were recorded as least likely to join a union.^[17]

In relation to productivity

Early industrial relations researchers believed unionization might safeguard employment by fighting technological and mechanical advances. Recent researchers developed dynamic union-firm bargaining approaches. Monopoly unions can boost salaries and appropriate quasi-rents from employers' capital, but others predict that firms would decrease capital investment to prevent appropriation, lowering productivity.^[18]

Unionization has been demonstrated to be associated with greater employee retention, even when unionized employees experience greater amounts of dissatisfaction in the workplace.^[11] This is associated with the fact that employees experiencing dissatisfaction will be able to voice their concerns more effectively through the use of the union.

Rate of unionization by country

The rate of unionization in a country is measured through both the amount of workers represented by a union as well as the share of workers represented by unions in a country. This is due to that although more workers may be joining unions, industries represented by unions are increasing at a faster rate.^[19]

Canada

The rate of members represented by unions in Canada has fallen significantly in the past four decades, dropping from 37.6% in 1981 to slightly less than 29% by 2014.^[20] The union movement in Canada has become increasingly concentrated in the public sector. Most workers in Canada have the right to unionize their workplace, but certain categories of workers are ineligible to unionize, such as independent contractors.^[21]

India

The Indian National Trade Union Congress was formed in 1947 after Indian independence in the same year, and is the oldest trade union federation in India.^[22] Unions are known to have political connections, and are sometimes used to project political influence on both workers and political parties.^[23]

Russia and the Soviet Union

Soviet trade unions, administered by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, date back to the Russian Revolution of 1905, fifteen years before the establishment of the Soviet Union. Their relationships with industrial management, the Communist Party, and the Soviet government were complex due to a requirement in labour.^[24]

The Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR) is Russia's largest post-Soviet national trade union center, with 28-31.5 million members and is widely recognized as the successor to the Soviet era system.^[25]

United States

The earliest recorded workers' strike through a newly-formed solidarity union was recorded in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors protested against a wage reduction. Local craft unions formed and demanded shorter workdays and job-conscious orientation. Trade unionism emerged in the 19th century, primarily involving skilled workers.^{[citation needed]}

Although the annual rate of unionization in the United States is increasing, it has one of the lowest unionization rates in the developed world. The effects of unionization are not heavily researched, drastically reducing the known effects of unionization and therefore reducing the amount of workers that know about unionization.^[26]

Notes

^ Pelz 2016, p. 84.
^ Pelz 2016, p. 83.
^ Cluff 2016.
^ Miles 2020.
^ Blum & Ponak 1974.
^ Cooper & Patmore 2002, p. 4.
^ Lowe 1981, p. 872-4.
^ Department of Labor 2023.
^ Lowe 1981, p. 875.
^ Ji 2016.
^ ^a ^b Abraham, Friedman & Thomas 2008, pp. 1–11.
^ Lowe 1981, p. 876.
^ Bernstein 1959, p. 351.
^ Fones-Wolf 1982, p. 389.
^ Cooper & Patmore 2002, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Carter & Cooper 2002, p. 713.
^ Crain 1994, p. 228.
^ Boal 2017, p. 1255.
^ Zhang 2023.
^ Government of Canada 2022.
^ Brutus & Baronian 2020.
^ Ansari 2017.
^ Ramaswamy 1969, p. 137.
^ Hewes 1923, p. 618.
^ Obrazkova 2015.
^ Brady, Baker & Finnigan 2013.

References

Abraham, Steven E.; Friedman, Barry A.; Thomas, Randall K. (2008). "The Relationship Among Union Membership, Facets of Satisfaction and Intent to Leave: Further Evidence on the Voice Face of Unions". Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. 20 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10672-007-9061-z. ISSN 0892-7545.
Ji, Lei (2016). "Unionization, Market Structure, and Economic Growth". Southern Economic Journal. 82 (3): 935–951. doi:10.1002/soej.12111.
Pelz, William A (2016). The Rise of the Working Classes: Trade Unions and Socialism, 1871–1914. Pluto Press.
Cooper, Rae; Patmore, Greg (2002). "Trade Union Organising and Labour History". Labour History. 83.
Crain, Marion (1994). "Gender and Union Organizing". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 47 (2): 227–248. doi:10.1177/001979399404700205. S2CID 154435971.
Carter, Bob; Cooper, Rae (2002). "The Organizing Model and the Management of Change: A Comparative Study of Unions in Australia and Britain". Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 57 (4).
Ramaswamy, E. A. (1969). "Trade Unions and Politics". Sociological Bulletin. 18 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1177/0038022919690203. S2CID 157688880.
Ansari, Sarah (10 August 2017). "How the Partition of India happened – and why its effects are still felt today". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
Bernstein, Irving (1959). "Trade Union Characteristics, Membership, and Influence". Monthly Labor Review. 82 (5).
Fones-Wolf, Kenneth (1982). "Revivalism and Craft Unionism in the Progressive Era: The Syracuse and Auburn Labor Forward Movements of 1913". New York History. 63 (4).
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 November 2022). "Unionization in Canada, 1981 to 2022". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
Brutus, Stéphane; Baronian, Nora (2020). "Unionization process". Unionization Process – Human Resources Management.
"Labor Movement". HISTORY. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
Boal, William M. (2017). "The Effect of Unionization on Productivity: Evidence from a Long Panel of Coal Mines". ILR Review. 70 (5): 1254–1282. doi:10.1177/0019793916682222. ISSN 0019-7939. JSTOR 26944710. S2CID 157590597.
Hewes, Amy (1923). "Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia". The American Economic Review. 13 (4): 618–637. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1803875.
Obrazkova, Marina (1 May 2015). "How trade unions fare in Russia". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
Department of Labor, U.S. (2023). "WORK Center - Unions 101". DOL. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Cluff, Rick (18 April 2016). "Jennifer Newman: The psychological reasons why people join unions". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Miles, Amy (16 September 2020). "What Are Unions and Why Are They Important?". Heddels. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Lowe, Graham S. (1981). "Causes of Unionization in Canadian Banks". Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 36 (4): 865–893. doi:10.7202/029208ar. ISSN 0034-379X. JSTOR 23071852.
Blum, Albert A.; Ponak, Allen (1974). "White Collar Unions in Denmark". Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 29 (1): 65–82. doi:10.7202/028478ar. ISSN 0034-379X. JSTOR 23070316.
Brady, David; Baker, Regina S.; Finnigan, Ryan (2013). "When Unionization Disappears: State-Level Unionization and Working Poverty in the United States". American Sociological Review. 78 (5): 872–896. doi:10.1177/0003122413501859. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 43187509. S2CID 154354236.
Zhang, Sharon (19 January 2023). "Share of Workers in Unions Hit Low in 2022, But Number of Unionized Workers Grew". Truthout. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
"Unionization increased by 200,000 in 2022: Tens of millions more wanted to join a union, but couldn't". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2023.