United Nations Memorial Cemetery

United Nations Memorial Cemetery
Hangul	재한유엔기념공원
Hanja	在韓유엔記念公園
Revised Romanization	Jaehan yuen ginyumgongwon
McCune–Reischauer	Chaehan yuen kinyŏmgongwŏn

United Nations Memorial Cemetery
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
재한유엔기념공원
Commission for the UNMCK (CUNMCK)
	UNMCK Wall of Remembrance
	Used for those deceased 1950–53; plus UNC deceased post-war
Established	18 January 1951; (as the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC))
Location	35°7′41″N 129°5′49″E / 35.12806°N 129.09694°E; 93 UN Pyeonghwa-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-812, Republic of Korea; (Old address: 779 Daeyon 4-dong, Nam-gu, Busan)
Total burials	2,300
Burials by nation
	United Nations Command (UNC): British Commonwealth Forces Korea United Kingdom: 886; Canada: 378; Australia: 281; New Zealand: 34; South Africa: 11; ; Turkey: 462; Netherlands: 117; France: 44; South Korea: 36 – ROK Army soldiers serving in UNC units including KATUSA, KATCOM; US: 36; Norway: 1; Non-combatants: 11; Unknown: 4;
	Statistics source: ; * UN Memorial Cemetery (Official); * Korean War Memorials: UN Memorial Cemetery in Korea

The United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK; Korean: 재한유엔기념공원; RR: Jaehahn yuen ginyeomgongwon),^[10] located at Tanggok in the Nam District,^[11] City of Busan,^{[nb 2]} Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command (UNC) casualties of the Korean War.^{[nb 3]} It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world. Laid out over 14 hectares (35 acres), the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers.^[12]

History

Temporary battlefield cemeteries and remains recovery

The Korean War began when North Korean People's Army forces attacked south in June 1950. As the fighting progressed, temporary military cemeteries for battle casualties were established by United Nations forces near the towns of Taejon (9 July 1950), Kwan-ui (Kwan-ni),^[13] Kumchon,^[13] and Sindong.^[14] When the North Korean forces pushed towards Busan, these cemeteries had to be abandoned.^[14]

Later, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter developed, temporary cemeteries were established at Masan, Miryang, and Taegu, with a Busan cemetery being established on 11 July 1950.^[15] As the fighting pushed into North Korea, temporary cemeteries were established in or near the towns of Kaesong,^[13] Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong (Pukchong County),^[13] Yudarn-ni and Koto-ri.^[16] Some eleven division-level cemeteries were established in the first two months of fighting^[17] and later five UN military cemeteries were established in North Korea.^[18]

At the beginning of the war, the nearest U.S. Army mortuary affairs unit was the 108th Graves Registration Platoon in Yokohama, Japan, which was searching for the remains of missing World War II American airmen.^[15]^[19] The only other American active duty graves registration unit was at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina.^[20] The 108th was reconfigured as the 114th Graves Registration Company and deployed to establish temporary cemeteries at Hungnam, Pyongyang, and Suchon as the fighting continued.^[15]

Supporting the 2nd Infantry Division was the Graves Registration Section of the second Quartermaster Company, which collected the remains of Allied and American soldiers to be further processed by the 148th Graves Registration Company.^[21] When UN forces launched the Inchon Invasion in September 1950, a platoon from the 565th Graves Registration Company accompanied them.^[15] Other mortuary affairs units included the 293rd Graves Registration Company, activated in April 1951.^[15] It was difficult to recover remains and conduct burials in Korea, due to the rugged geography and harsh climate, and the threat of unexploded ordnance and booby-traps.^[6]^[22]

Construction of the Tanggok cemetery

Construction of the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC) at Tanggok began on 18 January 1951 and was carried out by hand-labor over a 28.2 hectares (70 acres) site.^[23] It was dedicated by General Matthew Ridgway on 6 April 1951.^[14]^[23]^[24] Graves Registration units then concentrated American and allied remains at Tanggok before they were permanently buried or repatriated.^[14]^[19]

Besides burial services, refrigeration units to store remains were added,^[23] as were cremation facilities. Casualties from the Colombia Battalion were cremated at Tanggok by the American Graves Registration Service and then repatriated to Colombia in 1954.^[25] Today the 2,300 graves in the cemetery are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried service members.^[12]

Post-armistice

Following the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, the United Nations Command sought to recover bodies interred in North Korean territory.^[26] Cemeteries for POWs in North Korea were established at 16 POW camps.^[27] From September to October 1954, the resulting exchange of casualties, dubbed Operation Glory, between United Nations forces and the North Koreans resulted in 4,219 remains being recovered, of which 1,275 were non-US casualties.^[28] Also exchanged were the remains of approximately 14,000 North Korean and Chinese casualties.^[29] From 1950 to 1954, approximately 11,000 casualties were interred at UNMC, which was maintained by the United States Army Graves Registration Agency.^[5]^[30]^[31]

Foundation as a United Nations cemetery and transfer to CUNMCK

It was officially established as the United Nations Memorial Cemetery on 15 December 1955 with the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 977(X).^[32] Following the war, the cemetery was funded from the United Nations budget, but the Sino-Soviet world objected to this funding.^[33]^[34] In 1973, the cemetery was transferred from the UN to the Commission for the United Nations Memorial Cemetery (CUNMCK), which is composed of representatives from the 11 countries who have servicemembers buried there.^[12]^[35]

Cultural heritage and tourism

The cemetery is designated as Site 359 in the listing of Registered Cultural Heritage Sites in Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea.^[36] Also, it is a visitor attraction for Pacific Rim tourists.^[37]^[38] In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described it as the only United Nations cemetery in the world.^[39]

Memorials

An Honour Guard from the Republic of Korea 53rd Division carries out flag ceremonies daily.^[40]

The UN Sculpture Park was established in October 2001 and twenty-nine permanent memorials are in the cemetery.^[41] The memorials include:

Commonwealth of Nations memorials:
- Australian Memorial^[42]^[43]
- British Memorial – dedicated 2010^[44]
- Monument to Canadian Fallen – an identical monument is located in downtown Ottawa^[42]^[45]^[46]
- Commonwealth Memorial^[47]
  - Commonwealth Missing in Action Memorial^[43]
- New Zealand Memorial – designed by Warren and Mahoney architects and built of marble from the Coromandel Peninsula^[48]^[49]
- South Africa Memorial – the 2001 sculpture Reconciliation by South African sculptor Strijdom van der Merwe, was created as part of the International Sculpture Symposium^[41]
French Memorial – dedicated 2007^[42]^[50]^[51]
Greek Memorial – dedicated 1961^[42]^[52]
Interfaith memorial chapel – built by the United Nations Command in 1964^[12]
Main gate – designed by Korean architect Kim Joong-up and built by the city of Busan in 1966.^[12]^[36] The end of the eight pillars supporting the roof was designed as a bowl and a symbol representing the moment and the eternity, expressing a soft and solemn standing for the soldiers.
Memorabilia display hall – built by the UN in 1968^[12]
Norwegian Memorial^[7]^[53]
Thai Memorial – dedicated November 2008^[42]^[54]
Turkish Memorials I and II – dedicated 1960, 1962, and 2008^[42]^[55]^[56]
UN Forces Monument – dedicated 1978 and refurbished in 2007^[42]^[57]
United States Korean War Memorial – the Frank Gaylord sculpture was carved from Barre Granite at the Rock of Ages Corporation in Barre, Vermont, and dedicated under the auspices of the American Battle Monuments Commission in 2013^[58]^[59]^[60]
The Unknown Soldiers' Pathway^[42]

The Wall of Remembrance, completed in 2006, has the names of the 40,896 United Nations casualties (killed and missing) inscribed on 140 marble panels.^[42]^[61]

Notable graves

The cemetery contains the graves of 2,289 military personnel and 11 non-combatants.

Bill Madden GC, 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, who died as a prisoner of war.
Kenneth Muir VC, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, who was killed in action in the Battle of Hill 282.^[62]
Philip Curtis VC, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, who was killed in action in the Battle of the Imjin River while serving with the Gloucestershire Regiment.^[63]
Lt. Col. Charles Hercules Green DSO, commander of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, who was mortally wounded at Battle of Chongju and died at nearby Anju.^[64]
Dutch Lt. Col. Marinus Petrus Antonius den Ouden, commander of the Regiment Van Heutsz, who was killed in action during Operation Roundup in 1951 and is buried with members of his regiment – posthumously, den Ouden was awarded Netherlands' highest military award, the Military Order of William.^[65]
Journalist Christopher Buckley, early days of the war, he died from a land mine explosion, and was buried at the cemetery.^[66]
Bill Speakman, died 2018, Korean War veteran and Victoria Cross recipient: buried in 2019.^[67]

Burials

Total burials

Between 1951 and 1954 there were about 11,000 burials of UN troops from 21 countries. As of 2012, there are 2,300 wards of eleven countries, including 36 of the Republic of Korea troops deployed to the United Nations military bases. Burials of seven countries' graves were retrieved back to their homeland, including Belgium, Colombia, Ethiopia, Greece, Luxembourg, Philippines and Thailand.^[68] The burials of British Commonwealth Forces Korea are located in the United Nations Memorial Cemetery. The numbers are 885 British troops, in accordance with the English customs of the dead.^[69]

Number of burials: as of July 2023^[70]
Number of participants, killed soldiers and personnel: as of 2014^[71]^[72]

States	Participants	Killed	Burials
United Kingdom	56,000	1,078	890
Turkey	21,212	966	462
Canada	26,791	516	381
Australia	17,164	340	281
Netherlands	5,322	120	122
France	3,421	262	47
United States	1,789,000	36,516	40
New Zealand	3,794	23	32
South Africa	826	36	11
Norway	623	3	1
Colombia	5,100	213	–
Greece	4,992	192	–
Thailand	6,326	129	–
Ethiopia	3,518	122	–
Philippines	7,420	112	–
Belgium	3,498	99	–
Luxembourg	100	2	–
Sweden	1,124	–	–
Denmark	630	–	–
India	627	–	–
Italy	128	–	–
UN Total	1,957,616	40,732	–
South Korea	–	–	38
Non-combatants	–	–	4
Unknown soldiers	–	–	11
Total	–	–	2,320

Burials after armistice

Since the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, there have been some burials.

Korean War veterans

Since 2015, burials of Korean War veterans were officially allowed.

#	Name	Nationality	Date of burial	Notes
1	Raymond Joseph Benard	France	2015-05-15
2	Robert Steed Holman McCotter	United Kingdom	2015-11-11
3	Bernard James Delahunty	United States	2016-02-20
4	Nicolas Frans Wessels	Netherlands	2016-05-12
5	Andre Belaval	France	2016-10-27
6	Johan Theodoor Aldewereld	Netherlands	2017-09-27
7	William Speakman	United Kingdom	2019-02-19
8	Wilhelm Cornelis de Buijzer	Netherlands	2019-03-12
9	Albert Hugh Mcbride	Canada	2019-06-12
10	Kurt Dressler	United States	2019-11-30
11	Boyd L. Watts	United States	2020-04-07
12	Russll Harold Johnstad	United States	2020-11-27
13	Hwang Doo-suk	South Korea	2020-11-27	KATUSA attached to 25th Infantry Division
14	John Robert Cormier	Canada	2022-06-21	^[73]
15	Mathias Hubertus Hoogenboom	Netherlands	2022-11-11
16	Eduard Julius Engberink	Netherlands	2022-11-11
17	James Raymond Grundy	United Kingdom	2022-11-11
18	Robert Eugene Jean Desire Picquenard	France	2022-11-12
19	Lee Young-cha	South Korea	2023-02-09	KATUSA attached to 7th Infantry Division
20	José Sergio Romero	Colombia	2023-11-11
21	José Gustavo Pascagaza León	Colombia	2023-11-11
22	Luis Carlos García Arcila	Colombia	2023-11-11
23	Jorge Sánchez Tapia	Colombia	2023-11-11
24	Bryan James Laurenson	United Kingdom	2023-11-11
25	Brian Wood	United Kingdom	2023-11-11
26	Léon Jules Ghislain Bosquet	Belgium	2023-11-15
27	Ferdinand Titalepta	Netherlands	2024-05-02
28	Rod Asanapan	Thailand	2024-11-11

Veterans who buried in other place

#	Name	Nationality	Date of burial	Notes
1	Jean Le Houx	France	2017-11-02	Buried near Arrowhead Hill in the Korean Demilitarized Zone

Unknown soldiers

#	Soldiers	Nationality	Site of excavation	Date of burial	Notes
1	3	United Kingdom	2: Hill 234 in Paju 1: Youngpyeong Mountain in Paju	2021-11-11	South Korea and US experts estimated that they are Gloucestershire Regiment members in the Battle of Imjin River and Battle of Papyong Mountain.^[74]^[75]

Others

Members of United States Forces Korea, Co-interment and so on

#	Name	Nationality	Date of burial	Notes
1	Richard S. Whitcomb	United States	1982-07-20	He was a Korean War Veteran
2	Archibald Lloyd Hearsey	Canada	2012-04-25	He was buried in the same grave (Joseph William Hearsey) as his brother^[76] He was also a Korean War Veteran.
3	Olwyn Green	Australia	2023-09-21	She was buried in the same grave (Charles Green) as his wife.

Notes

^ Post-war deaths only – with the exception of 4 symbolic unknowns, all recovered remains were repatriated.
^ As a transliteration from Korean, the city name 부산 (Korean pronunciation: [pusʰan]) was typically spelled "Pusan" in McCune-Reischauer until 2000. The official Revised Romanization spells the name Busan. See "Pusan: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 when North Korean forces pushed south of the 38th parallel which divided Korea following World War II. With authorization from the United Nations, forces from the United States and other nations pushed the North Koreans back to the north. When these UN forces approached China, Chinese forces intervened and the battlefront eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel. The Korean Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.

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^ "캐나다군 참전용사 안장식". Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ "영국군 무명용사 안장식". Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ "'6·25 참전' 英 무명용사 3인… 70년 만에 전우들 곁으로". Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
^ "A brotherly love that even war couldn't kill". Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.

External links

Official website
South Africa War Graves Project: South Korea
Korea 1953–1954 – for photographs of the cemetery in 1954 from the King's Own Royal Regiment Museum
Wikivoyage Map Archived 28 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
UNMCK at WikiMapia
United Nations Memorial Cemetery at Find a Grave
161977660 Ereveld Tanggok (UN Memorial Park) on OpenStreetMap

[6] Post-war deaths only – with the exception of 4 symbolic unknowns, all recovered remains were repatriated.

[13] As a transliteration from Korean, the city name 부산 (Korean pronunciation: [pusʰan]) was typically spelled "Pusan" in McCune-Reischauer until 2000. The official Revised Romanization spells the name Busan. See "Pusan: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.

[14] The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 when North Korean forces pushed south of the 38th parallel which divided Korea following World War II. With authorization from the United Nations, forces from the United States and other nations pushed the North Koreans back to the north. When these UN forces approached China, Chinese forces intervened and the battlefront eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel. The Korean Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.

[1] Korean War casualties only. In 2012, the cremated remains of Archie Hearsay were buried with his brother, Joseph, who had died in Korea while both were serving. See: "Ashes of Canadian veteran buried beside brother in S. Korea". TBNewsWatch (Dougall Media). The Canadian Press. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.

[2] Brent, Winston A. (2001). 2 Squadron in Korea: Flying Cheetahs 1950–1953. Nelspruit: Freeworld Publications. p. 134. ISBN 978-0958388092. OCLC 174758735.

[3] "Turkish Fallen of Korean War Remembered". Diplomatic Observer. Ankara: Över Publishing. 2002. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[4] Balkenende, Jan Peter (Prime Minister of the Netherlands) (29 April 2010). "Speech at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan". Documents and publications. Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.

[status-5] "UNMCK: Status of Interred at the UNMCK". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[Dickon-7] Dickon, Chris (2011). The Foreign Burial of American War Dead: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 138, 141. ISBN 978-0786446124. OCLC 659753667.

[Haakon-8] "Korea 2007". Det Norske Kongehus. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Among [the soldiers] is Norwegian Second Engineer Reidar George Tveit ... Crown Prince Haakon [also] laid a wreath at the new monument commemorating the Norwegian soldiers ...

[9] Reportedly of North Koreans who refused to be repatriated following the war because they had criticized the regime. See: Baldwin, R F (2013) [2011]. Seven Years in Asia: A Wander's Tale. Booksmango. p. 278. ISBN 978-6162450969. OCLC 781689455.

[10] Some unidentified Americans were left as token representatives to the unknowns. Pash, Melinda L. (2012). In the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: the Americans who fought the Korean War. New York and London: New York University. p. 134. ISBN 978-0814767696. OCLC 777627052.

[11] "United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Korea". Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.

[1901st-12] 1901st Engr. Topo. Bn., ROK Army. "Pusan (Korea) 1959". American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. Boundary Line Plan United Nations Memorial Cemetery{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link); also see: Korea 1:50,000 Pusan Sheet 7019 III (1947) Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine and Pusan – 1947 – AMS Map Sheet L751 – 7109 III Archived 28 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[Clark-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Clark, Donald N. (September 1996). "Part III: Smaller Foreign Cemeteries in the Provinces" (PDF). The Seoul Foreigners' Cemetery at Yanghwajin. Seoul, Korea: Seoul Union Church. p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[Westover-16] Cooper, Marcus E. (1990). "Part VII: Quartermaster Corps: 1: Division Supply Operations" (PDF). In Westover, John G. (ed.). Combat Support in Korea. Washington, DC: Center for Military History. pp. 141–150. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Kurtz, Jacob W. (1990). "Part VII: Quartermaster Corps: 12: Pukchon Cemetery" (PDF). In Westover, John G. (ed.). Combat Support in Korea. Washington, DC: Center for Military History. pp. 180–183. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

[Cook-17] Cook, James C. (March–April 1953). "Graves Registration in the Korean Conflict". The Quartermaster Review. Fort Lee, VA: Army Quartermaster Museum. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[Coleman-18] Coleman, Bradley Lynn (January 2008). "Recovering the Korean War Dead, 1950–1958: Graves Registration, Forensic Anthropology, and Wartime Memorialization". The Journal of Military History. 72 (1). Project Muse (Society for Military History): 179–222. doi:10.1353/jmh.2008.0013. ISSN 0899-3718. S2CID 162230190. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[19] Cannon, Florence (May–June 1952). "Our Honored Dead". The Quartermaster Review. United States Quartermaster Museum & The Memorial Day Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2013. [After July 1950], reports of burials were received from cemeteries in the Miryang, Taegu, Kaesong, Pyongyang, Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong, Hungnam, Yudarn, Koto-ri and Tanggok areas.

[Anders-20] Anders, Steven E. (September 1988). "With All Due Honors: A History of the Quartermaster Graves Registration Mission". Quartermaster Professional Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2014.

[21] "POW March Routes and United Nations Cemeteries [map]". Defense POW/Missing Personnel Office. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[Potter-22] Potter, Constance; Deeben, John (2010). "67: Care for the Military Dead". In Bradford, James C. (ed.). A Companion to American Military History, Vol II. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1039. ISBN 978-1405161497. OCLC 316098909. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.

[23] Becker, James R. (2004). United States Culture and Its Effects on Military Policy Regarding Mortuary Affairs (Report). Ft. Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.

[24] Alexander, Bevin R. (1951). "Quartermaster Field Service Platoon in Action". Combat Support in Korea. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[25] Sledge, Michael (2007) [2005]. Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 40–41, 58, 80, 190. ISBN 978-0231509374. OCLC 60527603.

[Keene-26] Keene, Judith (February 2010). "Below Ground: The Treatment of American Remains from the Korean War". The Public Historian. 32 (1). National Council on Public History: 58–78. doi:10.1525/tph.2010.32.1.59. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2010.32.1.59. PMID 20503915.

[27] "UN Memorial Cemetery". The 60th Anniversary of the Korean War Commemoration Committee. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.

[Colombia-28] Coleman, Bradley Lynn (October 2005). "The Colombian Army in Korea, 1950–1954". The Journal of Military History. 69 (4). Project Muse (Society for Military History): 1166–1167. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0215. ISSN 0899-3718. S2CID 159487629.

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[31] "Operation GLORY: Historical Summary". Condensed from Graves Registration Division, Korean Communications Zone (KCOMZ). Fort Lee, VA: Army Quartermaster Museum. July–December 2004. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2013. Note: the calculation of remains comes from Coleman as the "Historical Summary" gives a total of 4,023 UN remains received.

[32] Cole, Paul M. (1994). "Three: Efforts to Recover and Account for Korean War Casualties" (PDF). POW/MIA Issues Volume 1, The Korean War. Santa Monica, CA: National Defense Research Institute. p. 68. ISBN 978-0833014825. OCLC 855303293. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2015.

[33] Nahm, Andrew W.; Hoare, James E. (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea. Lantham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 173. ISBN 0810849496. OCLC 54081516.

[34] Department of External Affairs (1956). Conference Series: Canada and the United Nations. Ottawa. p. 15.

[35] "977(X). Establishment and maintenance of a United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea" (PDF). General Assembly – Tenth Session; 557th plenary meeting. United Nations. 15 December 1955. pp. 37–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2014. also see: United Nations Juridical Yearbook 2003 Archived 27 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. p. 554. ISBN 978-9211337679

[36] Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1972). "The Soviet Bloc and the United Nations System: the Quantitative Record". Political Research Quarterly. 25 (2): 268–294. doi:10.1177/106591297202500209. S2CID 154863659.

[37] Lee, Chae-Jin; Park, Doo-Bok (1996). China and Korea: Dynamic Relations. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0817994211. OCLC 34151310.

[38] "Cemeteries overseas". Korean War. Australia Department of Veterans' Affairs. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[Site_359-39] "UN Commemoration Park in Korea". Registered Cultural Heritage Site 359. Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.

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[41] Hall, Colin Michael (1994). Tourism in the Pacific Rim: Development, Impacts, and Markets. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. p. 48. ISBN 978-0470233757. OCLC 258617555.

[42] Ban, Ki-Moon (30 November 2011). "Remarks at UN Memorial Cemetery in Korea [as delivered]". Ban Ki-moon's speeches. UN News Center. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[43] "Korea Vet News". Korean War Commemoration Council of Canada. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[southafrica-embassy-44] "UN Sculpture Park". UNMCK. Republic of South Africa Embassy. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[KWMemorials.org-45] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Korean War Memorials: UN Memorial Cemetery in Korea". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.

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[47] "UNMCK: British Memorial". Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.

[48] "Monument to Canadian Fallen (Korean War Monument)". Public Art and Monuments. Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada. 25 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.

[49] "Canadian Korean War Veterans Participate in a Remembrance Ceremony at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in the Republic of Korea". PR Newswire. 28 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013. [T]he names of the 516 Canadian soldiers who died ... are written on the Wall of Remembrance.

[50] Summers, Julie (2010). "Commemoration of the War Dead Since 1945". British and Commonwealth War Cemeteries. Oxford, UK: Shire Publications. p. 50. ISBN 978-0747807896. OCLC 462882226.^{[permanent dead link]}

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