Urbanus (butterfly)

Urbanus
	Long-tailed skipper (Urbanus proteus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Hesperiidae
Subfamily:	Eudaminae
Genus:	Urbanus; Hübner, [1807]
Synonyms
	Goniurus Hübner, [1819]; Eudamus Swainson, 1831; Lyroptera Plötz, 1881;

Urbanus is a genus of skipper butterflies erected by Jacob Hübner in 1807, placed to subtribe Eudamina.^[1] Species of the genus are found from the southern United States to South America.^[2]

Taxonomy

The genus has been subject to several revisions, one of which led to the type genus of subfamily Eudaminae, genus Eudamus, becoming a junior synonym of Urbanus. As a result of genome analysis of the Eudaminae, several species formerly considered part of Urbanus have been transferred to other genera, including to Cecropterus^[1] and Spicauda.^[1] Subsequently, Urbanus alva has been proposed as being distinct with the statement "Urbanus alva Evans, 1952 is a valid species and not a synonym of Urbanus belli (Hayward, 1935), new status." (See Zhang et al. 2019) ^[3]

Species

Except where separately referenced, this species list follows the classification of Li et al. 2019,^[1] with distribution data sourced from Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms.^[2]

Subgenus Urbanoides

Urbanus elmina Evans, 1952 – Ecuador
Urbanus esma Evans, 1952 – Brazil
Urbanus esmeraldus (A. Butler, 1877) – Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Honduras to Brazil, Colombia
Urbanus esta Evans, 1952 – Mexican coasts to Ecuador and Brazil^[4]
Urbanus evona Evans, 1952 – Mexico, Guatemala
Urbanus prodicus E. Bell, 1956 – Mexico
Urbanus viridis H. Freeman, 1970 – Mexico

Subgenus Urbanus

Urbanus alva Evans, 1952 – Mexico
Urbanus belli (Hayward, 1935) – Mexico [?] to Bolivia, Argentina
Urbanus bernikerni Burns, 2014
Urbanus dubius Steinhauser, 1981 – Colombia
Urbanus ehakernae Burns, 2014
Urbanus huancavillcas (R. Williams, 1926) – Ecuador
Urbanus longicaudus Austin, 1998 – Brazil
Urbanus magnus Steinhauser, 1981 – Ecuador
Urbanus megalurus (Mabille, 1877)
Urbanus oplerorum
Urbanus parvus Austin, 1998 – Brazil
Urbanus pronta Evans, 1952 – Mexico, Honduras
Urbanus pronus Evans, 1952 – Central America, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay; Mexico^[5]
Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758) – southern US, Mexico, Central & South America
- Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Mexico
- Urbanus proteus domingo (Scudder, 1872) – Saba to Grenada, Haiti
Urbanus rickardi
Urbanus segnestami Burns, 2014
Urbanus tucuti (R. Williams, 1927)
Urbanus velinus (Plötz, 1881) – Brazil, Guyana
Urbanus villus Austin, 1998 – Brazil
Urbanus viterboana (Ehrmann, 1907) – Mexico to Colombia, Ecuador.

Former species

Transferred to Cecropterus:

Urbanus dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
Urbanus obscurus (Hewitson, 1867)
Urbanus evenus (Ménétriés, 1855)
Urbanus virescens (Mabille, 1877)
Urbanus trebia (Möschler, 1879)
Urbanus carmelita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Urbanus reductus (N. Riley, 1919)
Urbanus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
Urbanus albimargo (Mabille, 1875)

Transferred to Spicauda:

Urbanus teleus (Hübner, 1821)
Urbanus tanna Evans, 1952
Urbanus ambiguus de Jong, 1983
Urbanus cindra Evans, 1952
Urbanus zagorus (Plötz, 1881)
Urbanus simplicius (Stoll, 1790)
Urbanus procne (Plötz, 1881)

Transferred to Telegonus

Urbanus chalco (Hübner, 1823)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Li, Wenlin; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Zhang, Jing; Hallwachs, Winnie; Janzen, Daniel H.; Grishin, Nick V. (26 March 2019). "Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13). Supporting Information: Appendix pp.10–24. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6232L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821304116. PMC 6442542. PMID 30877254.
^ ^a ^b Savela, Markku (March 27, 2019). "Urbanus Hübner, [1807]". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
^ Zhang, Jing; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Opler, Paul A.; Grishin, Nick V. (Nov 2019). "Changes to North American butterfly names". Taxon Rep Int Lepid Surv. 8 (2): 1–12. PMC 8570546. PMID 34746798.
^ "Urbanus esta thumbnails". butterfliesofamerica.com. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "Urbanus pronus thumbnails". butterfliesofamerica.com. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

External links

"Taxonomy Browser: Urbanus". Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Retrieved April 26, 2020.

[Li-2019-1] Li, Wenlin; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Zhang, Jing; Hallwachs, Winnie; Janzen, Daniel H.; Grishin, Nick V. (26 March 2019). "Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13). Supporting Information: Appendix pp.10–24. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6232L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821304116. PMC 6442542. PMID 30877254.

[funet-2] Savela, Markku (March 27, 2019). "Urbanus Hübner, [1807]". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved April 26, 2020.

[Zhang-3] Zhang, Jing; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Opler, Paul A.; Grishin, Nick V. (Nov 2019). "Changes to North American butterfly names". Taxon Rep Int Lepid Surv. 8 (2): 1–12. PMC 8570546. PMID 34746798.

[BOA-esta-4] "Urbanus esta thumbnails". butterfliesofamerica.com. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

[BOA-pronus-5] "Urbanus pronus thumbnails". butterfliesofamerica.com. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]