User:ComplexRational/Isotopes

Main isotopes of elements

Being discussed at WT:ELEMENTS, January 2023

  1. Primordial (286): 251 stable + 35 long-lived
  2. Cosmogenic & some decay products
  3. Medically useful, radiotracer, industrial applications
  4. Nuclear fuel & fission products
  5. Verified extinct or otherwise geologically interesting
  6. (synthetic) 2–3 longest lived (if not covered by other criteria)
  7. (synthetic) Most commonly produced
  8. IAR: other interesting long-lived or historically studied nuclide

Will do slight reorganization and adjustments to criteria.

An isotope might meet several criteria, though each is only listed under one below. Potentially useful lists: [1] [2]

Did not include unconfirmed isotopes of SHEs.

All isomers labeled m are m1 unless otherwise indicated, as reflected in scientific publications.

Isomers to be identified by massnumber id ⟨m1, m2, m3, m4⟩. Must correspond with NUBASE2020 ⟨m, n, p, q⟩ identifiers 1:1.
ComplexRational please confirm that m-isotopes are m1-isotopes, by editing into such. (IOW, "m" is not acceptable as identification). -DePiep (talk) 08:06, 20 January 2023 (UTC)
Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IAR
H 1, 2 3
He 3, 4
Li 6, 7
Be 9 7, 10 8[A]
B 10, 11 8[B]
C 12, 13 14 11
N 14, 15 13
O 16, 17, 18 15
F 19 18
Ne 20, 21, 22
Na 23 22, 24
Mg 24, 25, 26 28
Al 27 26
Si 28, 29, 30 32 31
P 31 32, 33 30[C]
S 32, 33, 34, 36 35
Cl 35, 37 36
Ar 36, 38, 40 37, 39, 42
K 39, 40, 41 38, 42
Ca 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48 41 45, 47
Sc 45 44, 46
Ti 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 44[D]
V 50, 51 49 48[B]
Cr 50, 52, 53, 54 51 48[B]
Mn 55 53, 54 51, 52,[D] 52m[D]
Fe 54, 56, 57, 58 55 52[D] 60
Co 59 57, 60 56,[B] 58[E]
Ni 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 59 63 56, 57[B]
Cu 63, 65 60, 61, 62, 64, 67
Zn 64, 66, 67, 68, 70 62,[F] 65
Ga 69, 71 67, 68
Ge 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 68
As 75 72, 73, 74, 76, 77[G]
Se 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82 72,[F] 75 79
Br 79, 81 75, 76, 77, 80m, 82
Kr 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86 81 81m 85
Rb 85, 87 81,[F] 82, 86
Sr 84, 86, 87, 88 82,[F] 85, 89 90
Y 89 86, 90, 91 88[H]
Zr 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 89, 95 93 88[I]
Nb 93 93m, 94, 95 92 91[J]
Mo 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100 99[F] 93
Tc 99m 99 97, 98
Ru 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104 103, 105, 106
Rh 103 101 105, 106
Pd 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110 103, 109 107
Ag 107, 109 108m, 110m[K] 111
Cd 106, 108, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 116		 109 113m
In 113, 115 111, 113m, 114m
Sn 112, 114, 115, 116, 117,
118, 119, 120, 122, 124		 113, 117m 121m, 126
Sb 121, 123 124, 125
Te 120, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 128, 130		 129m, 132
I 127 129 123, 124, 125 131, 135
Xe 124, 126, 128, 129, 130,
131, 132, 134, 136		 127, 133 135
Cs 133 131 134, 135, 136, 137
Ba 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138 133 137m, 140
La 138, 139 140 137[J]
Ce 136, 138, 140, 142 139, 141, 144
Pr 141 140, 142, 143
Nd 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150 147
Pm 147, 149 145, 146
Sm 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154 153 151 146
Eu 151, 153 152[L] 154, 155 150[H]
Gd 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160 148,[M] 153 150
Tb 159 149, 161 157, 158[H]
Dy 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 165 154
Ho 165 166 163, 166m[N]
Er 162, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170 165, 169, 171
Tm 169 167, 170 171[H]
Yb 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176 169
Lu 175, 176 172, 177, 177m[O] 173, 174[H]
Hf 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 172, 178m2 182
Ta 180m, 181 178, 182, 183 179,[H] 180[P]
W 180, 182, 183, 184, 186 188
Re 185, 187 186, 188 186m[Q]
Os 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192 194[H]
Ir 191, 193 192, 192m2
Pt 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198 195m 193[H]
Au 197 198, 199 195[H]
Hg 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 206 197, 203 194[H]
Tl 203, 205 206, 207, 208 201, 202, 204
Pb 204, 206, 207, 208 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 205 202[R]
Bi 209 210, 211, 212, 214 207, 213 208,[H] 210m[Q]
Po 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218 208, 209
At 219 211 209, 210
Rn 219, 220, 222 211[F]
Fr 221, 223 210, 211, 212 222[S]
Ra 223, 224, 225, 226, 228
Ac 227, 228 225, 226[T]
Th 232 228, 229, 230, 231, 234 233[U] 229m[V]
Pa 231, 234, 234m 230[F] 233[U]
U 235, 238 234 230 232, 233, 236, 237,[W] 239[W]
Np 237 238,[W] 239[W] 236
Pu 238, 239 240, 241, 242 244
Am 241 242, 243 242m[Q]
Cm 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248 247 250[X]
Bk 249 247, 248
Cf 252 249, 250, 251, 253, 254
Es 252 253, 254, 255
Fm 253, 255, 257 252, 254, 256
Md 258, 260 256
No 259 255, 253
Lr 261, 262, 264, 266 256, 260
Rf 263, 265, 267 261, 261m
Db 267, 268, 270 262
Sg 267, 269, 271 265, 265m
Bh 270, 274 267
Hs 269, 270, 271
Mt 274, 276, 278
Ds 279, 281
Rg 280, 281, 282
Cn 283, 285
Nh 284, 285, 286
Fl 287, 288, 289
Mc 288, 289, 290
Lv 291, 292, 293
Ts[Y] 293, 294
Og[Y] 294
  1. ^ Extremely short-lived, but a key part of the triple alpha process
  2. ^ a b c d e Occurs in alpha process and supernovae
  3. ^ One of the first synthetic radioisotopes to be discovered
  4. ^ a b c d Also occurs in alpha process and supernovae
  5. ^ Listed as commonly used and included for continuity
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Medicinal radioisotope generator
  7. ^ 72As and 77As evaluated for medical use but not in widespread use; the other three have been used as tracers
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Most stable radioisotope(s)
  9. ^ Neutron poison
  10. ^ a b Relatively long-lived, relevant in the p-process
  11. ^ Long-lived isomers, some industrial interest
  12. ^ Gamma-ray spectroscopy
  13. ^ Potentially interesting for radioisotope thermoelectric generators
  14. ^ Longest-lived radioisotopes by several orders of magnitude; some interest discussed
  15. ^ The longer-lived excited state has some interest in generators (and as an impurity)
  16. ^ Short-lived ground state of primordial isomer
  17. ^ a b c Long-lived isomer
  18. ^ Also of some interest to geologists
  19. ^ Only other isotope with a half-life over 1 minute
  20. ^ 226Ac subject to preliminary evaluation but not in widespread use
  21. ^ a b Part of the thorium fuel cycle
  22. ^ Remarkably low-lying isomer
  23. ^ a b c d Intermediate step in production of plutonium
  24. ^ Also long-lived, but comparatively difficult to synthesize
  25. ^ a b All isotopes included (because ≤3 are known)

Beta-stable isotopes of superheavy elements

All beta-stable nuclei with A ≤ 340 (KTUY)[1][2]
...
257Fm (α) 258Cf (SF) → 258Fm (SF) ← 258No (SF) 259Md (SF) 260Fm (SF) → 260No (SF) 261Md (α) 262Fm (SF) → 262No (SF) 263No (α) 264No (SF) ← 264Rf (SF)
265No (SF) 266No (SF) ← 266Rf (SF) 267Lr (SF) 268No (SF) → 268Rf (SF) 269Rf (SF) 270Rf (SF) ← 270Sg (SF) 271Rf (SF) 272Rf (SF) ← 272Sg (SF)
273Db (SF) 274Rf (SF) → 274Sg (SF) ← 274Hs (SF) 275Sg (SF) 276Rf (SF) → 276Sg (SF) ← 276Hs (SF) 277Sg (SF) 278Rf (SF) → 278Sg (SF) ← 278Hs (SF) 279Bh (SF) 280Sg (SF) → 280Hs (SF)
281Hs (SF) 282Sg (SF) → 282Hs (SF) ← 282Ds (SF) 283Hs (SF) 284Hs (SF) ← 284Ds (SF) 285Mt (α) 286Hs (SF) → 286Ds (SF) 287Ds (α) 288Hs (SF) → 288Ds (SF) ← 288Cn (α)
289Ds (α) 290Ds (α) ← 290Cn (α) 291Rg (α) 292Ds (α) → 292Cn (α) ← 292Fl (α) 293Cn (α) 294Ds (α) → 294Cn (α) ← 294Fl (α) 295Nh (α) 296Cn (α) → 296Fl (α)
297Nh (α) 298Fl (α) 299Fl (α) 300Fl (α) ← 300Lv (α) 301Mc (α) 302Fl (α) → 302Lv (α) ← 302Og (α) 303Lv (α) 304Fl (SF) → 304Lv (α) ← 304Og (α)
305Lv (α) 306Fl (SF) → 306Lv (SF) ← 306Og (α) 307Ts (α) 308Fl (SF) → 308Lv (SF) ← 308Og (SF) 309Ts (SF) 310Lv (SF) → 310Og (SF) 311Og (SF) 312Lv (SF) → 312Og (SF)
313Og (SF) 314Lv (SF) → 314Og (SF) ← 314120 (SF) 315Og (SF) 316Og (SF) ← 316120 (SF) 317119 (SF) 318Og (SF) → 318120 (SF) 319120 (SF) 320Og (SF) → 320120 (SF) ← 320122 (SF)
321120 (SF) 322120 (SF) ← 322122 (SF) 323121 (SF) 324120 (SF) → 324122 (SF) 325122 (SF) 326120 (SF) → 326122 (SF) 327122 (SF) 328122 (SF) ← 328124 (SF)
329123 (SF) 330122 (SF) → 330124 (SF) 331124 (SF) 332122 (SF) → 332124 (SF) 333124 (SF) 334124 (SF) 335125 (SF) 336124 (SF) → 336126 (SF)
337126 (SF) 338124 (SF) → 338126 (SF) ← 338128 (SF) 339126 (SF) 340124 (SF) → 340126 (SF) ← 340128 (SF) 341127 (SF) 342126 (SF) 343126 (SF) 344126 (SF) ← 344130 (SF)
345127 (SF) 346126 (SF) ← 346130 (SF) 347126 (SF) → 347128 (SF) 348127 (SF) ← 348130 (SF) 349126 (SF) → 349128 (SF) 350126 (SF) → 350128 (SF) ← 350130 (SF) 351127 (SF) 352126 → 352128 (SF) ← 352130 (SF) ← 352132 (SF)
353128 (SF) 354126 → 354128 (SF) ← 354130 (SF) ← 354132 (SF) 355129 (SF) 356128 → 356130 (SF) ← 356132 (SF) 357130 (SF) 358130 (SF) ← 358132 (SF) 359131 (SF) 360130 (SF) → 360132 (SF)
361132 (SF) 362130 (SF) → 362132 (SF) ← 362134 (SF) 363133 (SF) 364132 (SF) → 364134 (SF) ← 364136 (SF) 365134 (SF) 366132 (SF) → 366134 (SF) ← 366136 (SF) 367134 (SF) 368132 (SF) → 368134 (SF)
369135 (SF) 370134 (SF) → 370136 (SF) ← 370138 (SF) 371136 (SF) 372134 (SF) → 372136 (SF) 373136 (SF) 374134 (SF) → 374136 (SF) 375136 (SF) 376136 (SF) ← 376138 (SF) ← 376140 (SF)
377137 (SF) 378136 → 378138 (SF) 379138 380136 → 380138 ← 380140 (SF) 381138 382138 ← 382140 383139 384138 → 384140
385140 386138, 386140 387140 388138, 388140 389141 390140, 390142 391142 392140, 392142, 392145
393142, 393145 394140, 394142, 392146 395143, 395145 396142, 396146 397145 398142, 398144, 398146, 398148 399144, 399147 400144, 400146
401146, 401148 402146, 402148 403147 404148 ...
... 412146, 412148 ? 414146, 414148 ? 415148 416146, 416148 ?
417149 418148, 418150 ? 419150 420148, 420150 421150 422148, 422150, 422152 423151 424150 (α), 424152
425152 426150 (α), 426152, 426154 427152 428150 (α), 428152 (α), 428154 429152 (α) 430150 (α), 430152 (α), 430154 431153 (α) 432152 (α), 432154 (α)
433154 (α) 434152 (α), 434154 (α), 434156 435154 (α) 436152 (α), 436154 (α), 436156 437155 (α) 438154 (α), 438156 (α) 439156 (α) 440154 (α), 440156 (α), 440158
441156 (α) 442154 (α), 442156 (α), 442158 443156 (α) 444156 (α), 444158 445156 (α) 446156 (α), 446158, 446160 (SF) 447158 (α) 448156 (α), 448158 (α), 448160
449158 (α) 450156 (α), 450158 (α), 450160 451158 (α) 452158 (α), 452160 (α), 452162 (SF) 453158 (α) 454158 (α), 454160 (α), 454162 455160 (α) 456158 (α), 456160 (α), 456162
457160 (α) 458160 (α), 458162 (α) 459160 (α) 460160 (α), 460162 (α) 461161 (α) 462160 (α), 462162 (α), 462164 463161 (α) 464160 (α), 464162 (α), 464164 (α)
465162 (α) 466160 (α), 466162 (α), 466164 (α) 467162 (α) 468162 (α), 468164 (α) 469163 (α) 470162 (α), 470164 (α) 471164 (α) 472164 (α), 472166 (α)
473165 (α) 474164 (α), 474166 (α) 475166 476164 (α), 476166, 476168 477166 (SF) 478166 (SF), 478168 (SF), 478170 (SF) 479168 (SF) 480166 (SF), 480168 (SF), 480170 (SF)
481168 (SF) 482166 (SF), 482168 (SF), 482170 (SF) 483168 (SF) 484168 (SF) 486172 (SF) ...
... 504172 ?, 504174 ?
506174 ? ...

Isotopes of all elements (incomplete)

Isotope Z N Mass [3] Half-life[4][a] Decay modes[4][a][b] Decay products[c] Spin[4][a][d] Notes[4][e]
1n 0 1 613.9(0.6) s β- 1
H 		1/2+
1
H 		1 0 Stable 1/2+ 0.999885(70)
2
H 		1 1 Stable 1+ 0.000115(70)
3
H 		1 2 12.32(0.02) y β- 3
He 		1/2+
3
He 		2 1 Stable 1/2+ 0.00000134(3)
3
Li 		3 0 p 2
He
4
H 		1 3 139(10) ys n 3
H 		2-
4
He 		2 2 Stable 0+ 0.99999866(3)
4
Li 		3 1 91(9) ys p 3
He 		2-
5
H 		1 4 > 910 ys 2n 3
H 		(1/2+)
5
He 		2 3 700(30) ys n 4
He 		3/2-
5
Li 		3 2 370(30) ys p 4
He 		3/2-
6
H 		1 5 290(70) ys 3n 3
H 		2-#
6
He 		2 4 806.92(0.24) ms β- 6
Li 		0+
6
Li 		3 3 Stable 1+ 0.0759(4)
6
Be 		4 2 5.0(0.3) zs 2p 4
He 		0+
7
H 		1 6 500# ys 2n 5
H 		1/2+#
7
He 		2 5 2.51(0.07) zs n 6
He 		(3/2-)
7
Li 		3 4 Stable 3/2- 0.9241(4)
7
Be 		4 3 53.22(0.06) d EC 7
Li 		3/2-
7
B 		5 2 570(14) ys p 6
Be 		(3/2-)

Nuclear isomers

Isotope Z N Excitation Energy (keV)[4] Half-life[4][a] Decay modes[4][a][b] Decay products[c] Spin[4][a][d] Notes[4]
6m
Li 		3 3 3562.88(0.10) 56(14) as IT 6
Li

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f #: Values not derived entirely from experimental data
  2. ^ a b α: Alpha decay
    β+: Positron emission
    EC: Electron capture
    β-: Beta decay
    SF: Spontaneous fission
    p: Proton emission
    n: Neutron emission
    IT: Isomeric transition
  3. ^ a b Bold: stable
    Bold-italic: nearly stable
  4. ^ a b Parenthesized values are uncertain
  5. ^ Decimals indicate natural abundance

References

  1. ^ Koura, H. (2011). Decay modes and a limit of existence of nuclei in the superheavy mass region (PDF). 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  2. ^ Koura, H.; Katakura, J; Tachibana, T; Minato, F (2015). "Chart of the Nuclides". Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  3. ^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F.G.; Huang, W.J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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